{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T03:16:03Z","timestamp":1788146163861,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Qualitative research focused on Nepalese community perspectives on zoonotic disease is lacking. We aimed to characterise the contextual factors and mechanisms driving awareness of risk and prevention of zoonotic diseases in selected communities in Nepal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted 39 semi-structured individual interviews in six communities, and five focus groups with 34 participants. Ten participated in photovoice. Twenty healthcare professionals and policymakers were interviewed, 14 representing human health and six representing animal health. We analysed data thematically.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We generated two major themes: disease awareness, and beliefs and behaviours. Participants were aware of diseases that they had directly experienced or that they perceived might affect their family or livelihood. This was especially true of rabies. Information on disease was usually spread informally. Use of traditional medicine was widespread: some participants saw this behaviour as anachronistic, with others seeing it as pragmatic, as accessing traditional healers is often easier than visiting health posts. Consuming bushmeat was seen as something \u2018others\u2019 did, although some suggested bushmeat was medicinal and others distinguished between \u2018clean\u2019 and \u2018dirty\u2019 rodents. Hygiene practices were perceived as necessary to remove dirt but seldom linked explicitly to illness. Religious beliefs were presented as a reason for not harming rodents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Working with communities is essential to understanding complex behaviours that might increase disease risk, especially in communities that lack resources to mitigate these threats. Specific implications for policymakers are the importance of ensuring the healthcare system is inclusive of different groups needing its services, and that differing beliefs are considered when designing services.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-026-28672-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T05:33:18Z","timestamp":1786426398000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring community awareness and perspectives on zoonotic disease in Nepal: a qualitative study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6674-1862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Durrance-Bagale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hari","family":"Basnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanda Bahadur","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven R","family":"Belmain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James W","family":"Rudge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"28672_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e840","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00258-8","volume":"5","author":"OK Lawler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lawler OK, Allan HL, Baxter PWJ, Castagnino R, Tor MC, Dann LE, et al. The COVID-19 pandemic is intricately linked to biodiversity loss and ecosystem health. Lancet Planet Health. 2021;5(11):e840\u201350.","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"6585","key":"28672_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abn2222","volume":"375","author":"EC Holmes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Holmes EC. COVID-19 - lessons for zoonotic disease. Science. 2022;375(6585):1114\u20135.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"9857","key":"28672_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61678-X","volume":"380","author":"WB Karesh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Karesh WB, Dobson A, Lloyd-Smith JO, Lubroth J, Dixon MA, Bennett M, et al. Ecology of zoonoses: natural and unnatural histories. Lancet. 2012;380(9857):1936\u201345.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1411","key":"28672_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.0888","volume":"356","author":"LH Taylor","year":"2001","unstructured":"Taylor LH, Latham SM, Woolhouse ME. Risk factors for human disease emergence. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2001;356(1411):983\u20139.","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"7181","key":"28672_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06536","volume":"451","author":"KE Jones","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jones KE, Patel NG, Levy MA, Storeygard A, Balk D, Gittleman JL, et al. Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature. 2008;451(7181):990\u20133.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"28672_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m3389","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3389","volume":"371","author":"R Gibb","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gibb R, Franklinos LHV, Redding DW, Jones KE. Ecosystem perspectives are needed to manage zoonotic risks in a changing climate. BMJ. 2020;371:m3389.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"28672_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01886","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.1886","volume":"29","author":"S Morand","year":"2019","unstructured":"Morand S, Blasdell K, Bordes F, Buchy P, Carcy B, Chaisiri K, et al. Changing landscapes of Southeast Asia and rodent-borne diseases: decreased diversity but increased transmission risks. Ecol Appl. 2019;29(4):e01886.","journal-title":"Ecol Appl"},{"issue":"8","key":"28672_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0237129","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237129","volume":"15","author":"NQ Huong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huong NQ, Nga NTT, Long NV, Luu BD, Latinne A, Pruvot M, et al. Coronavirus testing indicates transmission risk increases along wildlife supply chains for human consumption in Viet Nam, 2013\u20132014. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(8):e0237129.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"28672_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22015","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.22015","volume":"33","author":"S Friant","year":"2024","unstructured":"Friant S. Human behaviors driving disease emergence. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues News Reviews. 2024;33(2):e22015.","journal-title":"Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues News Reviews"},{"issue":"7142","key":"28672_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05775","volume":"447","author":"ND Wolfe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wolfe ND, Dunavan CP, Diamond J. Origins of major human infectious diseases. Nature. 2007;447(7142):279\u201383.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"28672_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00923-8","volume":"8","author":"T Allen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Allen T, Murray KA, Zambrana-Torrelio C, Morse SS, Rondinini C, Di Marco M, et al. Global hotspots and correlates of emerging zoonotic diseases. Nat Commun. 2017;8(1):1124.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"7821","key":"28672_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2562-8","volume":"584","author":"R Gibb","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gibb R, Redding DW, Chin KQ, Donnelly CA, Blackburn TM, Newbold T, et al. Zoonotic host diversity increases in human-dominated ecosystems. Nature. 2020;584(7821):398\u2013402.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"28672_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1112.040789","volume":"11","author":"N Wolfe","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wolfe N, Daszak P, Kilpatrick AM, Burke D. Bushmeat Hunting, Deforestation, and Prediction of Zoonotic Disease. Emerg Infect Disease J. 2005;11(12):1822.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Disease J"},{"issue":"8","key":"28672_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.45","volume":"15","author":"RK Plowright","year":"2017","unstructured":"Plowright RK, Parrish CR, McCallum H, Hudson PJ, Ko AI, Graham AL, et al. Pathways to zoonotic spillover. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2017;15(8):502\u201310.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"28672_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2021.100310","volume":"13","author":"A Durrance-Bagale","year":"2021","unstructured":"Durrance-Bagale A, Rudge JW, Singh NB, Belmain SR, Howard N. Drivers of zoonotic disease risk in the Indian subcontinent: A scoping review. One Health. 2021;13:100310.","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"28672_CR16","unstructured":"World Bank. World Bank Country and Lending Groups. 2023 [Available from: https:\/\/datahelpdesk.worldbank.org\/knowledgebase\/articles\/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups ]."},{"key":"28672_CR17","unstructured":"World Bank. Current health expenditure per capita - Nepal. 2023 [Available from: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SH.XPD.CHEX.PC.CD?locations=NP]."},{"key":"28672_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson CK, Hitchens PL, Pandit PS, Rushmore J, Evans TS, Young CCW et al. Global shifts in mammalian population trends reveal key predictors of virus spillover risk. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2020;287(1924):20192736.","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2019.2736"},{"issue":"3","key":"28672_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-018-1343-4","volume":"15","author":"TR Kelly","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kelly TR, Bunn DA, Joshi NP, Grooms D, Devkota D, Devkota NR, et al. Awareness and Practices Relating to Zoonotic Diseases Among Smallholder Farmers in Nepal. EcoHealth. 2018;15(3):656\u201369.","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"issue":"6","key":"28672_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihz008","volume":"11","author":"HC Ashworth","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ashworth HC, Roux TL, Buggy CJ. Healthcare accessibility in the rural plains (terai) of Nepal: physical factors and associated attitudes of the local population. Int Health. 2019;11(6):528\u201335.","journal-title":"Int Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"28672_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2019.10.004","volume":"1","author":"H Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li H, Mendelsohn E, Zong C, Zhang W, Hagan E, Wang N, et al. Human-animal interactions and bat coronavirus spillover potential among rural residents in Southern China. Biosaf Health. 2019;1(2):84\u201390.","journal-title":"Biosaf Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"28672_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1080\/10888705.2018.1519437","volume":"22","author":"KP Acharya","year":"2019","unstructured":"Acharya KP, Acharya N, Wilson RT. Animal Welfare in Nepal. J Appl Anim Welfare Sci. 2019;22(4):342\u201356.","journal-title":"J Appl Anim Welfare Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"28672_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7760-7","volume":"19","author":"F Haigh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haigh F, Kemp L, Bazeley P, Haigh N. Developing a critical realist informed framework to explain how the human rights and social determinants of health relationship works. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):1571.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"28672_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.059","volume":"129","author":"S Woldehanna","year":"2015","unstructured":"Woldehanna S, Zimicki S. An expanded One Health model: integrating social science and One Health to inform study of the human-animal interface. Soc Sci Med. 2015;129:87\u201395.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"10376","key":"28672_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01595-1","volume":"401","author":"J Zinsstag","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zinsstag J, Kaiser-Grolimund A, Heitz-Tokpa K, Sreedharan R, Lubroth J, Caya F, et al. Advancing One human-animal-environment Health for global health security: what does the evidence say? Lancet. 2023;401(10376):591\u2013604.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"28672_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3126\/jhp.v7i0.25520","volume":"7","author":"R Adhikari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adhikari R, Bagale KB. Risk of Zoonoses among Livestock Farmers in Nepal. J Health Promotion. 2019;7:99\u2013110.","journal-title":"J Health Promotion"},{"key":"28672_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1514953","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1514953","volume":"11","author":"D Subedi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Subedi D, Dhakal A, Jyoti S, Paudel S, Ranabhat G, Tiwari A, et al. Zoonotic diseases awareness and food safety practices among livestock farmers in Nepal. Front Vet Sci. 2024;11:1514953.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"28672_CR28","unstructured":"Patton MQ. Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. Sage; 2014."},{"issue":"5","key":"28672_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-013-0528-y","volume":"42","author":"LA Palinkas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Palinkas LA, Horwitz SM, Green CA, Wisdom JP, Duan N, Hoagwood K. Purposeful Sampling for Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis in Mixed Method Implementation Research. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2015;42(5):533\u201344.","journal-title":"Adm Policy Ment Health"},{"key":"28672_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brinkmann S. Qualitative Interviewing. Oxford University Press; 2013.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:osobl\/9780199861392.001.0001"},{"key":"28672_CR31","unstructured":"Kvale S, Brinkmann S, Interviews. Learning the craft of qualitative research interviewing. Sage; 2009."},{"issue":"6","key":"28672_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.2453","volume":"17","author":"MD Fetters","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fetters MD, Rubinstein EB. The 3 Cs of Content, Context, and Concepts: A Practical Approach to Recording Unstructured Field Observations. Ann Fam Med. 2019;17(6):554\u201360.","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"28672_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160940691774821","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406917748215","volume":"16","author":"X Glaw","year":"2017","unstructured":"Glaw X, Inder K, Kable A, Hazelton M. Visual Methodologies in Qualitative Research:Autophotography and Photo Elicitation Applied to Mental Health Research. Int J Qualitative Methods. 2017;16(1):1609406917748215.","journal-title":"Int J Qualitative Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"28672_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1177\/109019819402100204","volume":"21","author":"C Wang","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wang C, Burris MA. Empowerment through Photo Novella: Portraits of Participation. Health Educ Q. 1994;21(2):171\u201386.","journal-title":"Health Educ Q"},{"issue":"3","key":"28672_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198109342084","volume":"37","author":"C Catalani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Catalani C, Minkler M. Photovoice: a review of the literature in health and public health. Health Educ Behav. 2010;37(3):424\u201351.","journal-title":"Health Educ Behav"},{"key":"28672_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160940692095898","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406920958981","volume":"19","author":"FC Mukumbang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mukumbang FC, van Wyk B. Leveraging the Photovoice Methodology for Critical Realist Theorizing. Int J Qualitative Methods. 2020;19:1609406920958981.","journal-title":"Int J Qualitative Methods"},{"issue":"7226","key":"28672_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7226.50","volume":"320","author":"N Mays","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mays N, Pope C. Qualitative research in health care. Assessing quality in qualitative research. BMJ. 2000;320(7226):50\u20132.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"28672_CR38","volume-title":"Doing Qualitative Research. Fifth edition","author":"D Silverman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Silverman D. Doing Qualitative Research. Fifth edition. ed. London, UK.: SAGE Publications Ltd.; 2017."},{"key":"28672_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160940692211452","DOI":"10.1177\/16094069221145282","volume":"21","author":"NA Yunus","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yunus NA, olde Hartman T, Lucassen P, Barton C, Russell G, Altun A, et al. Reporting of the Translation Process in Qualitative Health Research: A Neglected Importance. Int J Qualitative Methods. 2022;21:16094069221145282.","journal-title":"Int J Qualitative Methods"},{"key":"28672_CR40","volume-title":"Thick description: toward an interpretive theory of culture. Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays","author":"C Geertz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Geertz C. Thick description: toward an interpretive theory of culture. Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. New York, NY, USA.: Basic Books; 2000."},{"key":"28672_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V. Thematic Analysis: A Practical Guide. SAGE Publications Ltd.; 2021.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781036232078.n9"},{"issue":"3","key":"28672_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-021-01182-y","volume":"56","author":"D Byrne","year":"2022","unstructured":"Byrne D. A worked example of Braun and Clarke\u2019s approach to reflexive thematic analysis. Qual Quant. 2022;56(3):1391\u2013412.","journal-title":"Qual Quant"},{"issue":"1","key":"28672_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1177\/160940690900800105","volume":"8","author":"SC Dwyer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dwyer SC, Buckle JL. The Space Between: On Being an Insider-Outsider in Qualitative Research. Int J Qualitative Methods. 2009;8(1):54\u201363.","journal-title":"Int J Qualitative Methods"},{"key":"28672_CR44","unstructured":"Green J, Thorogood N. Qualitative Methods for Health Research, 3rd Edition.: SAGE Publications; 2014."},{"key":"28672_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sims D. Reimaging reflexivity through a critical theoretical framework: Autoethnographic narratives on becoming a (de)colonised researcher. Crit Stud Teach Learn (CriSTaL). 2023;11(1).","DOI":"10.14426\/cristal.v11i1.1770"},{"issue":"2","key":"28672_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/1468794112468475","volume":"15","author":"R Berger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Berger R. Now I see it, now I don\u2019t: researcher\u2019s position and reflexivity in qualitative research. Qualitative Res. 2015;15(2):219\u201334.","journal-title":"Qualitative Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"28672_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002068","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-002068","volume":"4","author":"S Abimbola","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abimbola S. The foreign gaze: authorship in academic global health. BMJ Glob Health. 2019;4(5):e002068.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"28672_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101286","volume":"20","author":"N Akbulut","year":"2022","unstructured":"Akbulut N, Razum O. Why Othering should be considered in research on health inequalities: Theoretical perspectives and research needs. SSM Popul Health. 2022;20:101286.","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"28672_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0194328","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194328","volume":"13","author":"M Paudel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Paudel M, Javanparast S, Dasvarma G, Newman L. Religio-cultural factors contributing to perinatal mortality and morbidity in mountain villages of Nepal: Implications for future healthcare provision. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(3):e0194328.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"28672_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0227293","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227293","volume":"15","author":"SB Marahatta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marahatta SB, Yadav RK, Giri D, Lama S, Rijal KR, Mishra SR, et al. Barriers in the access, diagnosis and treatment completion for tuberculosis patients in central and western Nepal: A qualitative study among patients, community members and health care workers. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(1):e0227293.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"8","key":"28672_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2007.062380","volume":"61","author":"VA Curtis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Curtis VA. Dirt, disgust and disease: a natural history of hygiene. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2007;61(8):660\u20134.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"28672_CR52","unstructured":"Adler PA, Adler P. The reluctant respondent. In: Holstein JA, Gubrium JF, editors. Inside interviewing: new lenses, new concerns. SAGE Publications, Inc.; 2003."},{"key":"28672_CR53","first-page":"507","volume":"21","author":"LA Kurpiers","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kurpiers LA, Schulte-Herbr\u00fcggen B, Ejotre I, Reeder DM. Bushmeat and Emerging Infectious Diseases: Lessons from Africa. Problematic Wildl. 2015;21:507\u201351.","journal-title":"Problematic Wildl"},{"issue":"3","key":"28672_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/10408410902989837","volume":"35","author":"BG Meerburg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Meerburg BG, Singleton GR, Kijlstra A. Rodent-borne diseases and their risks for public health. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2009;35(3):221\u201370.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"28672_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.55.661","volume":"55","author":"J Ter Meulen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ter Meulen J, Lukashevich I, Sidibe K, Inapogui A, Marx M, Dorlemann A, et al. Hunting of peridomestic rodents and consumption of their meat as possible risk factors for rodent-to-human transmission of Lassa virus in the Republic of Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1996;55(6):661\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"28672_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-10523-6","volume":"24","author":"M Liverani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liverani M, Phongluxa K, Phommasone K, Chew R, Chandna A, Pongvongsa T, et al. Prospects for the development of community-based care in remote rural areas: a stakeholder analysis in Laos. BMC Health Serv Res. 2024;24(1):55.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"28672_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.30","volume":"2","author":"S Ghosh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ghosh S, Chowdhury S, Haider N, Bhowmik RK, Rana MS, Prue Marma AS, et al. Awareness of rabies and response to dog bites in a Bangladesh community. Vet Med Sci. 2016;2(3):161\u20139.","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"28672_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0218.42854","volume":"30","author":"US Singh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Singh US, Choudhary SK, Knowledge. Attitude, Behavior and Practice Study on Dog-Bites and Its Management in the Context of Prevention of Rabies in a Rural Community of Gujarat. Indian J Community Med. 2005;30(3):81\u20133.","journal-title":"Indian J Community Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"28672_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-015-0258-8","volume":"12","author":"CM Audet","year":"2015","unstructured":"Audet CM, Hamilton E, Hughart L, Salato J. Engagement of Traditional Healers and Birth Attendants as a Controversial Proposal to Extend the HIV Health Workforce. Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep. 2015;12(2):238\u201345.","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"28672_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70326","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070326","volume":"8","author":"CM Audet","year":"2013","unstructured":"Audet CM, Salato J, Blevins M, Amsalem D, Vermund SH, Gaspar F. Educational intervention increased referrals to allopathic care by traditional healers in three high HIV-prevalence rural districts in Mozambique. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(8):e70326.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"28672_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0270565","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270565","volume":"17","author":"CM Audet","year":"2022","unstructured":"Audet CM, Pettapiece-Phillips M, Tian Y, Shepherd BE, Vermund SH, Salato J. If it weren\u2019t for my traditional healer, I would be dead: Engaging traditional healers to support people living with HIV in rural Mozambique. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(6):e0270565.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"28672_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gietaneh W, Simieneh MM, Endalew B, Tarekegn S, Petrucka P, Eyayu D. Traditional healers\u2019 roles, and the challenges they face in the prevention and control of local disease outbreaks and pandemics: The case of the East Gojjam Zone in northwestern Ethiopia. Front Trop Dis. 2023;4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2023.978528"},{"issue":"1suppl","key":"28672_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1177\/00494755970270S116","volume":"27","author":"W Hoff","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hoff W. Traditional Health Practitioners as Primary Health Care Workers. Trop Doct. 1997;27(1suppl):52\u20135.","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"issue":"7","key":"28672_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01443.x","volume":"10","author":"KC Poudel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Poudel KC, Jimba M, Joshi AB, Poudel-Tandukar K, Sharma M, Wakai S. Retention and effectiveness of HIV\/AIDS training of traditional healers in far western Nepal. Trop Med Int Health. 2005;10(7):640\u20136.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"28672_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s40900-021-00286-x","volume":"7","author":"TB Mtuy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mtuy TB, Mepukori J, Lankoi J, Lees S. Empowering Maasai women behind the camera: Photovoice as a tool for trachoma control. Res Involv Engagem. 2021;7(1):51.","journal-title":"Res Involv Engagem"},{"issue":"3","key":"28672_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-020-01499-4","volume":"17","author":"D Wolking","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wolking D, Karmacharya D, Bista M, Shrestha R, Pandit P, Sharma A, et al. Vulnerabilities for Exposure to Emerging Infectious Disease at Urban Settlements in Nepal. EcoHealth. 2020;17(3):345\u201358.","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"28672_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69917-0","volume":"368","author":"E Mbizvo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mbizvo E, Essay. Theatre; a force for health promotion. Lancet. 2006;368:S30\u20131.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"28672_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s42522-021-00036-9","volume":"3","author":"K Saylors","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saylors K, Wolking DJ, Hagan E, Martinez S, Francisco L, Euren J, et al. Socializing One Health: an innovative strategy to investigate social and behavioral risks of emerging viral threats. One Health Outlook. 2021;3(1):11.","journal-title":"One Health Outlook"},{"key":"28672_CR69","unstructured":"USAID. Living Safely With Bats. 2018."},{"key":"28672_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez S, Sullivan A, Hagan E, Goley J, Epstein JH, Olival KJ et al. Living Safely With Bats: Lessons in Developing and Sharing a Global One Health Educational Resource. Global Health: Science and Practice. 2022;10(6):e2200106.","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-22-00106"},{"issue":"1725","key":"28672_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20160166","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0166","volume":"372","author":"D Grace","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grace D, Lindahl J, Wanyoike F, Bett B, Randolph T, Rich KM. Poor livestock keepers: ecosystem\u2013poverty\u2013health interactions. Philosophical Trans Royal Soc B: Biol Sci. 2017;372(1725):20160166.","journal-title":"Philosophical Trans Royal Soc B: Biol Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"28672_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-016-0741-y","volume":"18","author":"JM Shultz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shultz JM, Cooper JL, Baingana F, Oquendo MA, Espinel Z, Althouse BM, et al. The Role of Fear-Related Behaviors in the 2013\u20132016 West Africa Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2016;18(11):104.","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-026-28672-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-026-28672-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-026-28672-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T03:11:11Z","timestamp":1788145871000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12889-026-28672-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["28672"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-026-28672-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The Nepal Health Research Council (ref: 2193) and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Observational Research Ethics Committee (ref: 26507) provided ethics approval in February and March 2022.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"2491"}}