{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:37:33Z","timestamp":1792787853358,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mary von Sydow Foundation","award":["2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01dchhc73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Mary von Sydow Foundation","award":["2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01dchhc73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Volvo Research Fund","award":["1993:1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1993:1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overweight, (body mass index (BMI), kg\/m2) 25\u201330 and obesity (BMI 30+) have long been linked to an increased risk of myocardial infarction and mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>To better assess abdominal adiposity, several indices have been developed. However, the risk associated with each index can vary across different populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to investigate which body measurement, if any, exhibits the strongest associations with MI, and mortality. In 1993, a cohort of 1,000 randomly selected middle-aged Swedish men participated in a nurse-led health examination. Body measurements were recorded together alongside blood pressure readings, and a fasting blood test was conducted. A follow-up study, spanning 28 years, utilized data from the national Myocardial Infarction Register (Swedeheart) and mortality data from the Swedish Cause of Death Register. The obesity indices included body mass index, waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD), and sagittal abdominal diameter-to-height ratio (SADHtR). Cox proportional hazard models were employed to analyze the z-scores of the six body measurements both before and after adjusting for covariates, with outcomes assessed for first-time myocardial infarction (MI) and mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were collected for 959 men. Significant correlations were found between the six body measurements, all were associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors, myocardial infarction, and mortality. However, after adjusting for the traditional risk factors, the association with cardiovascular endpoints was diminished or vanished. WHtR emerged as a more reliable indicator, with hazard ratios (HR) of 1.31 (95% CI 1.07-1.62) for myocardial infarction and 1.27 (95% CI 1.08-1.49) for all-cause mortality although the differences were marginal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is currently no consensus on which obesity indicator should be the preferred predictor of cardiovascular risk. In this study, the WHtR emerged as the more reliable predictor, albeit with marginal clinical significance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this population, after adjustment for traditional risk factors, WHtR proved to be a more reliable predictor for MI and mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-026-29630-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T09:54:42Z","timestamp":1790934882000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Six anthropometric indicators and their associations with myocardial infarction and death in Swedish automotive industry male workers followed for 28 years"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1404-2388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lala","family":"Joulha Ian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8241-0032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lennart","family":"Dimberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"29630_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2022.155217","volume":"133","author":"C Boutari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boutari C, Mantzoros CS. A 2022 update on the epidemiology of obesity and a call to action: as its twin COVID-19 pandemic appears to be receding, the obesity and dysmetabolism pandemic continues to rage on. Metabolism. 2022;133:155217.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"3","key":"29630_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1550-8528.1993.tb00614.x","volume":"1","author":"P Bj\u00f6rntorp","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rntorp P. Visceral obesity: a \u201ccivilization syndrome.\u201d Obes Res. 1993;1(3):206\u201322.","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"29630_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poirier P, Giles TD, Bray GA, et al. American Heart Association; Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss: an update of the 1997 American Heart Association Scientific Statement on Obesity and Heart Disease from the Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation. 2006;113(6):898\u2013918.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.171016"},{"key":"29630_CR4","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Cardiovascular diseases. Updated June 11, 2021. Accessed July 28, 2023. http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs317\/en\/."},{"key":"29630_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Global Cardiovascular Risk Consortium, Magnussen C, Ojeda FM, Leong DP, et al. Global Effect of Modifiable Risk Factors on Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality. N Engl J Med. 2023;389:1273\u20131285.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2206916"},{"issue":"9438","key":"29630_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17018-9","volume":"364","author":"S Yusuf","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yusuf S, Hawken S, \u00d4unpuu S, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case\u2013control study. Lancet. 2004;364(9438):937\u201352.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"29630_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13944-w","volume":"22","author":"MAEMD Badawy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Badawy MAEMD, Naing L, Johar S, et al. Evaluation of cardiovascular diseases risk calculators for CVDs prevention and management: scoping review. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):1742.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"29630_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.83.1.356","volume":"83","author":"KM Anderson","year":"1991","unstructured":"Anderson KM, Wilson PW, Odell PM, Kannel WB. An updated coronary risk profile. A statement for health professionals. Circulation. 1991;83(1):356\u201362.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"9536","key":"29630_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69251-9","volume":"368","author":"A Romero-Corral","year":"2006","unstructured":"Romero-Corral A, Montori VM, Somers VK, et al. Association of bodyweight with total mortality and with cardiovascular events in coronary artery disease: a systematic review of cohort studies. Lancet. 2006;368(9536):666\u201378.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"29630_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.631179","volume":"12","author":"P Piqueras","year":"2021","unstructured":"Piqueras P, Ballester A, Dur\u00e1-Gil JV, Martinez-Hervas S, Red\u00f3n J, Real JT. Anthropometric indicators as a tool for diagnosis of obesity and other health risk factors: a literature review. Front Psychol. 2021;12:631179.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"29630_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2009.68","volume":"64","author":"R Huxley","year":"2010","unstructured":"Huxley R, Mendis S, Zheleznyakov E, Reddy S, Chan J. Body mass index, waist circumference and waist:hip ratio as predictors of cardiovascular risk\u2013a review of the literature. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010;64(1):16\u201322.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"29630_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simon A, Dimberg L, Bj\u00f6rntorp P, et al. Comparison of cardiovascular risk profile between male employees of two automotive companies in France and Sweden. The Coeur Project Group. Eur J Epidemiol. 1997;13(8):885\u2009\u2212\u200991.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007428624757"},{"issue":"1","key":"29630_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.90.1.583","volume":"90","author":"H Tunstall-Pedoe","year":"1994","unstructured":"Tunstall-Pedoe H, Kuulasmaa K, Amouyel P, Arveiler D, Rajakangas AM, Pajak A. Myocardial infarction and coronary deaths in the World Health Organization MONICA Project. Registration procedures, event rates, and case-fatality rates in 38 populations from 21 countries in four continents. Circulation. 1994;90(1):583\u2013612.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"29630_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2001.00817.x","volume":"249","author":"L Kumlin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kumlin L, Latscha G, Dimberg L, et al. Marital status and cardiovascular risk in French and Swedish automotive industry workers-cross sectional results from the Renault-Volvo Coeur study. J Intern Med. 2001;249(4):315\u201323.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"29630_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2019.07.006","volume":"175","author":"L Dimberg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dimberg L, Eriksson B, Hashem M. Myocardial infarction and death findings from a 22-year follow-up of a cohort of 980 employed Swedish men. Public Health. 2019;175:148\u201355.","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"29630_CR16","unstructured":"16. World Health Organization. A healthy lifestyle. Updated 2010. Accessed July 28, 2024. https:\/\/www.who.int\/europe\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/item\/a-healthy-lifestyle---who-recommendations."},{"issue":"7","key":"29630_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(94)90676-9","volume":"73","author":"MC Pouliot","year":"1994","unstructured":"Pouliot MC, Despr\u00e9s JP, Lemieux S, et al. Waist circumference and abdominal sagittal diameter: best simple anthropometric indexes of abdominal visceral adipose tissue accumulation and related cardiovascular risk in men and women. Am J Cardiol. 1994;73(7):460\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"29630_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0310-7","volume":"16","author":"R Ross","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ross R, Neeland IJ, Yamashita S, et al. Waist circumference as a vital sign in clinical practice: a Consensus Statement from the IAS and ICCR Working Group on Visceral Obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2020;16(3):177\u201389.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"29630_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422410000144","volume":"23","author":"LM Browning","year":"2010","unstructured":"Browning LM, Hsieh SD, Ashwell M. A systematic review of waist-to-height ratio as a screening tool for the prediction of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: 0\u00b75 could be a suitable global boundary value. Nutr Res Rev. 2010;23(2):247\u201369.","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev"},{"key":"29630_CR20","unstructured":"Waist-hip ratio: report of a WHO expert consultation, Geneva, 8\u201311 December 2008. Accessed July 28, 2023. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241501491."},{"key":"29630_CR21","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. 2013\u20132014 Data Documentation, Codebook, and Frequencies. Published October 2015. Accessed July 28, 2023. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/Nchs\/Nhanes\/2013-2014\/BMX_H.htm."},{"key":"29630_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/757939","author":"U Riserus","year":"2010","unstructured":"Riserus U, de Faire U, Berglund L, Hellenius ML. Sagittal abdominal diameter as a screening tool in clinical research: cutoffs for cardiometabolic risk. J Obes. 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2010\/757939.","journal-title":"J Obes"},{"issue":"7083","key":"29630_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.314.7083.830","volume":"314","author":"L Kumlin","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kumlin L, Dimberg L, M\u00e5rin P. Ratio of abdominal sagittal diameter to height is a strong indicator of coronary risk. BMJ. 1997;314(7083):830.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"12","key":"29630_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj341","volume":"164","author":"C Iribarren","year":"2006","unstructured":"Iribarren C, Darbinian JA, Lo JC, Fireman BH, Go AS. Value of the sagittal abdominal diameter in coronary heart disease risk assessment: cohort study in a large, multiethnic population. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;164(12):1150\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"20","key":"29630_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2010.198804","volume":"96","author":"T Jernberg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jernberg T, Attebring MF, Hambraeus K, et al. The Swedish web-system for enhancement and development of evidence-based care in heart disease evaluated according to recommended therapies (SWEDEHEART). Heart. 2010;96(20):1617\u201321.","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"29630_CR26","unstructured":"World Health Organization. International classification of diseases. Accessed July 28, 2023. https:\/\/www.who.int\/standards\/classifications\/classification-of-diseases."},{"issue":"9","key":"29630_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-017-0316-1","volume":"32","author":"HL Brooke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brooke HL, Talback M, Hornblad J, et al. The Swedish cause of death register. Eur J Epidemiol. 2017;32(9):765\u201373.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"29630_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19425-7","volume-title":"Regression Modelling Strategies","author":"FE Harrell Jr.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Harrell FE Jr. Regression Modelling Strategies. 2nd ed. Springer; 2015.","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"29630_CR29","unstructured":"Therneau T. A Package for Survival Analysis in R. R package version 3.5-7. Updated 2023. Accessed Nov 14, 2023. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=survival."},{"key":"29630_CR30","unstructured":"Gray B. cmprsk: Subdistribution Analysis of Competing Risks. R package version 2.2\u201311. Updated 2022. Accessed Nov 14, 2023. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=cmprsk."},{"issue":"6","key":"29630_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.011350","volume":"8","author":"M Zaitsu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zaitsu M, Kato S, Kim Y, et al. Occupational class and risk of cardiovascular disease incidence in Japan: nationwide, multicenter, hospital-based case-control study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(6):e011350.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"30","key":"29630_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000011639","volume":"97","author":"Q Cao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cao Q, Yu S, Xiong W, et al. Waist-hip ratio as a predictor of myocardial infarction risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(30):e11639.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"9","key":"29630_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114521000064","volume":"126","author":"R Xue","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xue R, Li Q, Geng Y, Wang H, Wang F, Zhang S. Abdominal obesity and risk of CVD: a dose-response meta-analysis of thirty-one prospective studies. Br J Nutr. 2021;126(9):1420\u201330.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"29630_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehm026","volume":"28","author":"L De Koning","year":"2007","unstructured":"De Koning L, Merchant AT, Pogue J, Anand SS. Waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio as predictors of cardiovascular events: meta-regression analysis of prospective studies. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(7):850\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"1","key":"29630_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-022-02646-1","volume":"22","author":"S Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang S, Fu X, Du Z, et al. Is waist-to-height ratio the best predictive indicator of cardiovascular disease incidence in hypertensive adults? A cohort study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2022;22(1):214.","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"29630_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43046","volume":"7","author":"S Shen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shen S, Lu Y, Qi H, et al. Waist-to-height ratio is an effective indicator for comprehensive cardiovascular health. Sci Rep. 2017;7:43046.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"29630_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-023-01388-0","volume":"47","author":"R Abdi Dezfouli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdi Dezfouli R, Mohammadian Khonsari N, Hosseinpour A, et al. Waist to height ratio as a simple tool for predicting mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Obes (Lond). 2023;47(12):1286\u2013301.","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"9","key":"29630_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103483","volume":"9","author":"M Ashwell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ashwell M, Mayhew L, Richardson J, Rickayzen B. Waist-to-height ratio is more predictive of years of life lost than body mass index. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e103483.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"29630_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2014.10.039","volume":"115","author":"JA Nazare","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nazare JA, Smith J, Borel AL, et al. Usefulness of measuring both body mass index and waist circumference for the estimation of visceral adiposity and related cardiometabolic risk profile (from the INSPIRE ME IAA study). Am J Cardiol. 2015;115(3):307\u201315.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"29630_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026621","volume":"6","author":"H Petursson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Petursson H, Sigurdsson JA, Bengtsson C, Nilsen TI, Getz L. Body configuration as a predictor of mortality: comparison of five anthropometric measures in a 12 year follow-up of the Norwegian HUNT 2 study. PLoS One. 2011;6(10):e26621.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"29630_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21452","volume":"24","author":"GM Egeland","year":"2016","unstructured":"Egeland GM, Igland J, Vollset SE, et al. High population attributable fractions of myocardial infarction associated with waist-hip ratio. Obesity Silver Spring. 2016;24:1162\u20139.","journal-title":"Obesity Silver Spring"},{"issue":"6428","key":"29630_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.288.6428.1401","volume":"288","author":"B Larsson","year":"1913","unstructured":"Larsson B, Sv\u00e4rdsudd K, Welin L, Wilhelmsen L, Bj\u00f6rntorp P, Tibblin G. Abdominal adipose tissue distribution, obesity, and risk of cardiovascular disease and death: 13 year follow up of participants in the study of men born in 1913. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1913;288(6428):1401\u20134.","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"},{"key":"29630_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2012.01051.x","volume":"14","author":"AJ Cameron","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cameron AJ, Magliano DJ, Soderberg S. A systematic review of the impact of including both waist and hip circumference in risk models for cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and mortality. Obes Rev. 2013;14:86\u201394.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"29630_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Agostino RB Sr, Vasan RS, Pencina MJ, et al. General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2008;117(6):743\u2009\u2212\u200953.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.699579"},{"key":"29630_CR45","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Cardiovascular disease risk laboratory-based charts. Accessed July 18, 2024. https:\/\/cdn.who.int\/media\/docs\/default-source\/cardiovascular-diseases\/western-europe.pdf?sfvrsn=878773e2_2."},{"issue":"11","key":"29630_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-668X(03)00114-3","volume":"24","author":"RM Conroy","year":"2003","unstructured":"Conroy RM, Py\u00f6r\u00e4l\u00e4 K, Fitzgerald AP, SCORE project group, et al. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project. Eur Heart J. 2003;24(11):987\u20131003.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"29630_CR47","unstructured":"Zelman K in WebMD archive. Updated 2008. Accessed Nov 14, 2023. https:\/\/www.webmd.com\/diet\/features\/how-accurate-body-mass-index-bmi."}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-026-29630-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-026-29630-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-026-29630-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T10:15:52Z","timestamp":1790936152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12889-026-29630-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["29630"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-026-29630-0","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4529247\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and included written, informed consent from all participants. The Research Ethics Committee of Gothenburg University approved the original study protocol on Feb 11, 1993 (Dnr. 23\u201393), and amendments on Feb 19, 2019.Applications to use data from the National Myocardial Infarction Register, Swedeheart, and the National Cause of Death Register were also approved.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Consent for publication has been given by the participants and the University of Gothenburg.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"2759"}}