{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T17:50:55Z","timestamp":1791481855189,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"BLV BW e.V."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Teachers in vocational schools are confronted with many daily job demands. However, these demands are not directly associated with stress. According to the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat, such demands can be judged as either challenging or threatening. Based on this model, the present study addressed the following research questions: (1) To what extent are different job demands appraised as challenges and threats by teachers in vocational education? (2) How does the appraisal of job demands moderate the relationship between perceived job demands and well-being, job satisfaction, risk of burnout, and experience of stress among teachers in vocational schools? (3) How do the personality traits and resilience of these teachers influence the appraisal of job demands?<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To answer these questions, we drew on data from an online survey conducted in Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany. With the use of closed items, 1470 teachers in vocational education were asked about their perception of six categories of job demands as well as their personality traits, resilience, tendency to burnout, well-being, job satisfaction, and experience of stress. Descriptive analyses, moderation analyses using structural equation modelling, and path analyses were conducted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The descriptive analyses showed that the category of\n                      <jats:italic>teaching and interacting with learners<\/jats:italic>\n                      was perceived as the most challenging category. Furthermore, challenge appraisal as a moderator was found to increase job satisfaction and decrease levels of burnout, while threat appraisal decreased well-being. Finally, resilience had a significant influence on the appraisal of job demands: higher levels of resilience led to higher values for challenge appraisal and lower values for threat appraisal.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results imply that the appraisal of job demands is related to the mental health of teachers in vocational education. Building a repertoire of resources, e.g., cognitive appraisal training or cooperation between colleagues, may support a more optimistic challenge appraisal of job demands and improve teachers\u2019 mental health. Furthermore, as resilience has been found to influence this appraisal process in favor of teachers\u2019 mental health, teachers are encouraged to increase their resilience, for example, by using interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-026-29796-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T04:45:16Z","timestamp":1791434716000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Challenge and threat appraisal of job demands and their impact on mental health among vocational education teachers"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8664-3363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina Marlene","family":"Sarochan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3645-0746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmela","family":"Aprea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"29796_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.32457\/ejep.v14i2.1702","volume":"14","author":"A Seixas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Seixas A, Simaes C, Gomes R, Costa P. The effect of cognitive appraisal on teachers\u2019 mental health: A multi-group analysis. Eur J Educ Psychol. 2021;14(2):1\u201320.","journal-title":"Eur J Educ Psychol"},{"key":"29796_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-005-0050-y","volume":"79","author":"J Bauer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bauer J, Stamm A, Virnich K, Wissing K, M\u00fcller U, Wirsching M, Schaarschidt U. Correlation between burnout syndrome and psychological and psychosomatic symptoms among teachers. Int Arc Occ Environ Health. 2006;79:199\u2013204.","journal-title":"Int Arc Occ Environ Health"},{"key":"29796_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s11218-018-9471-9","volume":"22","author":"M Garc\u00eda-Carmona","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Carmona M, Mar\u00edn MD, Aguayo R. Burnout syndrome in secondary school teachers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Soc Psychol Educ. 2019;22:189\u2013208.","journal-title":"Soc Psychol Educ"},{"key":"29796_CR4","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Halbtagsjobber? Psychische Gesundheit im Lehrerberuf \u2013 Analyse eines ver\u00e4nderungsbed\u00fcrftigen Zustandes","author":"U Schaarschmidt","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schaarschmidt U. Potsdamer Lehrerstudie \u2013 Anliegen und Konzept [Potsdam Teacher Study \u2013 Concerns and Concept]. In: Schaarschmidt U, editor. Halbtagsjobber? Psychische Gesundheit im Lehrerberuf \u2013 Analyse eines ver\u00e4nderungsbed\u00fcrftigen Zustandes. Weinheim and Basel: Beltz; 2004. pp. 15\u201340."},{"issue":"17","key":"29796_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10706","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191710706","volume":"19","author":"B Agyapong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Agyapong B, Obuobi-Donkor G, Burback L, Wei Y. Stress, burnout, anxiety and depression among teachers: A scoping review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(17):10706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph191710706.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"23","key":"29796_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12760","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312760","volume":"18","author":"A Kariou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kariou A, Koutsimani P, Montgomery A, Lainidi O. Emotional labor and burnout among teachers: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(23):12760.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"29796_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/dd5140e4-en","volume-title":"Education Policy Outlook 2024: Reshaping Teaching into a Thriving Profession from ABCs to AI","author":"OECD","year":"2024","unstructured":"OECD. Education Policy Outlook 2024: Reshaping Teaching into a Thriving Profession from ABCs to AI. Paris: OECD Publishing; 2024."},{"issue":"1","key":"29796_CR8","first-page":"128","volume":"7","author":"A Mar\u00edn-Blanco","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mar\u00edn-Blanco A, Bostedt G, Michel-Schertges D, W\u00fcllner S. Studying teacher shortages: Theoretical perspectives and methodological approaches. J Pedagog Res. 2023;7(1):128\u201341.","journal-title":"J Pedagog Res"},{"key":"29796_CR9","volume-title":"Empfehlungen zum Umgang mit dem akuten Lehrkr\u00e4ftemangel. Stellungnahme der St\u00e4ndigen Wissenschaftlichen Kommission der Kultusministerkonferenz","author":"O K\u00f6ller","year":"2023","unstructured":"K\u00f6ller O, Thiel F, van Ackeren-Mindl I, Anders Y, Becker-Mrotzek M, Cress U, Diehl C, Kleickmann T, L\u00fctje-Klose B, Prediger S, Seeber S, Ziegler B, Kuper H, Stanat P, Maaz K, Lewalter D. Empfehlungen zum Umgang mit dem akuten Lehrkr\u00e4ftemangel. Stellungnahme der St\u00e4ndigen Wissenschaftlichen Kommission der Kultusministerkonferenz [Recommendations for dealing with the acute shortage of teachers. Statement by the Standing Scientific Commission of the Conference of Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs]. Bonn: SWK; 2023."},{"key":"29796_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205179","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1205179","volume":"14","author":"B Dreer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dreer B. On the outcomes of teacher wellbeing: a systematic review of research. Front Psychol. 2023;14:1205179.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"29796_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60235-X","volume":"28","author":"J Blascovich","year":"1996","unstructured":"Blascovich J, Tomaka J. The biopsychosocial model of arousal regulation. Adv Exp Soc Psychol. 1996;28:1\u201351.","journal-title":"Adv Exp Soc Psychol"},{"key":"29796_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s10833-007-9054-6","volume":"9","author":"C Day","year":"2008","unstructured":"Day C. Committed for life? Variations in teachers\u2019 work, lives and effectiveness. J Educ Change. 2008;9:243\u201360.","journal-title":"J Educ Change"},{"key":"29796_CR13","volume-title":"Stre\u00df und Arbeitszufriedenheit im Lehrerberuf. Eine Analyse von Belastungen und Beanspruchung im Kontext sozialpsychologischer, klinisch-psychologischer und organisationspsychologischer Konzepte","author":"R van Dick","year":"1999","unstructured":"van Dick R. Stre\u00df und Arbeitszufriedenheit im Lehrerberuf. Eine Analyse von Belastungen und Beanspruchung im Kontext sozialpsychologischer, klinisch-psychologischer und organisationspsychologischer Konzepte [Stress and job satisfaction in the teaching profession. An analysis of stress and strain in the context of social psychological, clinical psychological, and organizational psychological concepts]. Marburg: Tectum; 1999."},{"issue":"1","key":"29796_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/00131910120033628","volume":"53","author":"C Kyriacou","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kyriacou C. Teacher Stress: directions for future research. Educ Rev. 2001;53(1):27\u201335.","journal-title":"Educ Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"29796_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/13540602.2018.1520086","volume":"25","author":"E Boldrini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boldrini E, Sappa V, Aprea C. Which difficulties and resources do vocational teachers perceive? An exploratory study setting the stage for investigating teachers\u2019 resilience in Switzerland. Teach Teach. 2019;25(1):125\u201341.","journal-title":"Teach Teach"},{"issue":"5","key":"29796_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1108\/00400911011058316","volume":"52","author":"L Bonica","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bonica L, Sappa V. Early school-leavers microtransitions: Toward a competent self. Educ Train. 2010;52(5):368\u201380.","journal-title":"Educ Train"},{"key":"29796_CR17","volume-title":"Stress, appraisal and coping","author":"RS Lazarus","year":"1984","unstructured":"Lazarus RS, Folkman S. Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer; 1984."},{"key":"29796_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.86.3.499","volume":"86","author":"E Demerouti","year":"2001","unstructured":"Demerouti E, Bakker AB, Nachreiner F, Schaufeli WB. The job demands-resources model of burnout. J Appl Psychol. 2001;86:499\u2013512.","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"29796_CR19","first-page":"1695","volume":"6","author":"H Granziera","year":"2022","unstructured":"Granziera H. Teachers\u2019 personal resources: what do we know and where do we go? A scoping review through the lens of job demands-resources theory. Posit Psychol Wellbeing. 2022;6(2):1695\u2013718.","journal-title":"Posit Psychol Wellbeing"},{"key":"29796_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schaufeli WB, Taris TW. A critical review of the job demands-resources model: implications for improving work and health. In: Bauer GF, H\u00e4mmig O, editors. Bridging occupational, organizational and public health: a transdisciplinary approach. Netherlands, Dordrecht: Springer; 2014: p. 43\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-007-5640-3_4.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-5640-3_4"},{"issue":"3","key":"29796_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1108\/02683940710733115","volume":"22","author":"AB Bakker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bakker AB, Demerouti E. The job demands - resources model: State of the art. J managerial Psychol. 2007;22(3):309\u201328.","journal-title":"J managerial Psychol"},{"key":"29796_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01255","volume":"10","author":"MA Uphill","year":"2019","unstructured":"Uphill MA, Rossato CJL, Swain J, O\u2019Driscoll J. Challenge and threat: A critical review of the literature and an alternative conceptualization. Front Psychol. 2019;10:1255.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"29796_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.73.1.63","volume":"73","author":"J Tomaka","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tomaka J, Blascovich J, Kibler J, Ernst JM. Cognitive and physiological antecedents of threat and challenge appraisal. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1997;73(1):63\u201372.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"29796_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.46.4.839","volume":"46","author":"S Folkman","year":"1984","unstructured":"Folkman S. personal control and stress and coping processes: A theoretical analysis. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1984;46(4):839\u201352.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"29796_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.3028","volume":"37","author":"J Tomaka","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tomaka J, Magoc D. Personality antecedents of challenge and threat appraisal. Stress Health. 2021;37:682\u201391.","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"29796_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1080\/02678373.2013.840341","volume":"27","author":"AR Gomes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gomes AR, Faria S, Goncalves AM. Cognitive appraisal as a mediator in the relationship between stress and burnout. Work Stress. 2013;27(4):351\u201367.","journal-title":"Work Stress"},{"key":"29796_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-120920-053933","volume":"10","author":"BA Bakker","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bakker BA, Demerouti E, Sanz-Vergel A. Job Demands-Resources Theory: Ten Years Later. Annu Rev Organ Psychol Behav. 2023;10:25\u201353.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Organ Psychol Behav"},{"key":"29796_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.84.3.632","volume":"84","author":"SE Hobfoll","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hobfoll SE, Johnson RJ, Ennis N, Jackson AP. Resource loss, resource gain, and emotional outcomes among inner city women. J Personal Soc Psychol. 2003;84:632\u201343.","journal-title":"J Personal Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"29796_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2004.04.005","volume":"40","author":"TR Schneider","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schneider TR. The role of neuroticism on psychological and physiological stress responses. J Exp Soc Psychol. 2004;40(6):795\u2013804.","journal-title":"J Exp Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"29796_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.1409","volume":"28","author":"TR Schneider","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schneider TR, Rench TA, Lyons JB, Riffle RR. The influence of neuroticism, extraversion and openness on stress responses. Stress Health. 2012;28(2):102\u201310.","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"29796_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721411424740","volume":"20","author":"MD Seery","year":"2011","unstructured":"Seery MD, Resilience. A silver lining to experiencing adverse life events? Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2011;20(6):390\u20134.","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"29796_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1027\/1016-9040\/a000124","volume":"18","author":"D Fletcher","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fletcher D, Sarkar M. Psychological resilience: A review and critique of definitions, concepts, and theory. Eur Psychol. 2013;18(1):12\u201323.","journal-title":"Eur Psychol"},{"key":"29796_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2015.11.016","volume":"54","author":"CF Mansfield","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mansfield CF, Beltman S, Broadley T, Weatherby-Fell N. Building resilience in teacher education: An evidenced informed framework. Teach Teach Educ. 2016;54:77\u201387.","journal-title":"Teach Teach Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"29796_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s11218-004-0975-0","volume":"7","author":"S Howard","year":"2004","unstructured":"Howard S, Johnson B. Resilient teachers: resisting stress and burnout. Soc Psychol Educ. 2004;7(4):399\u2013420.","journal-title":"Soc Psychol Educ"},{"key":"29796_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2024.104742","volume":"151","author":"J Lu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lu J, Chen J, Li Z, Li X. A systematic review of teacher resilience: A perspective of the job demands and resources model. Teach Teach Educ. 2024;151:104742.","journal-title":"Teach Teach Educ"},{"issue":"7","key":"29796_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199107000-00013","volume":"23","author":"RA Dienstbier","year":"1991","unstructured":"Dienstbier RA. Behavioural correlates of sympathoadrenal reactivity: The toughness model. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1991;23(7):846\u201352.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"3","key":"29796_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1097\/NNR.0000000000000352","volume":"68","author":"C Simaes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Simaes C, Gomes AR, Costa P. A multigroup analysis of the effect of cognitive appraisal on nurses\u2019 psychological distress. Nurs Res. 2019;68(3):E1\u201311.","journal-title":"Nurs Res"},{"key":"29796_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1002\/3527609156.ch5","volume-title":"Stress in health and disease","author":"BB Arnetz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Arnetz BB. Stress \u2013 Why managers should care. In: Arnetz BB, Ekman R, Editors, editors. Stress in health and disease. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2006. pp. 92\u2013121."},{"issue":"5","key":"29796_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1002\/hrm.20294","volume":"48","author":"JB Avey","year":"2009","unstructured":"Avey JB, Luthans F, Jensen SM. Psychological capital: A positive resource for combating employee stress and turnover. Hum Resour Manag. 2009;48(5):677\u201393.","journal-title":"Hum Resour Manag"},{"key":"29796_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3067","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.03067","volume":"10","author":"LM Troesch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Troesch LM, Bauer CE. Is teaching less challenging for career switchers? First and second career teachers\u2019 appraisal of professional challenges and their intention to leave teaching. Front Psychol. 2020;10:3067.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"29796_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019364","volume":"95","author":"ER Crawford","year":"2010","unstructured":"Crawford ER, LePine JA, Rich BL. Linking job demands and resources to employee engagement and burnout: A theoretical extension and meta-analytic test. J Appl Psychol. 2010;95(5):834\u201348.","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"key":"29796_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560346","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.560346","volume":"11","author":"KA Horan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Horan KA, Nakahara WH, DiStaso MJ, Jex SM. A Review of the Challenge-Hindrance Stress Model: Recent Advances, Expanded Paradigms, and Recommendations for Future Research. Front Psychol. 2020;11:560346.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"29796_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1002\/job.633","volume":"31","author":"S Ohly","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ohly S, Fritz C. Work characteristics, challenge appraisal, creativity, and proactive behavior: A multi-level study. J Organ Behav. 2010;31:543\u201365.","journal-title":"J Organ Behav"},{"key":"29796_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1002\/job.2115","volume":"38","author":"R Prem","year":"2017","unstructured":"Prem R, Ohly S, Kubicek B, Korunka C. Thriving on challenge stressors? Exploring time pressure and learning demands as antecedents of thriving at work. J Organi Behav. 2017;38:108\u201323.","journal-title":"J Organi Behav"},{"key":"29796_CR45","volume-title":"Wellbeing measures in primary health care\/the DepCare Projekt: report on a WHO meeting: Stockholm, Sweden, 12\u201313 February 1998","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1998","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Wellbeing measures in primary health care\/the DepCare Projekt: report on a WHO meeting: Stockholm, Sweden, 12\u201313 February 1998. Report No. WHO\/EURO: World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe; 1998. -4234-43993-62027."},{"issue":"2","key":"29796_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1026\/0012-1924.53.2.83","volume":"53","author":"E Br\u00e4hler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Br\u00e4hler E, M\u00fchlan H, Albani C, Schmidt S. Teststatistische Pr\u00fcfung und Normierung der deutschen Versionen des EUROHIS-QOL Lebensqualit\u00e4t-Index und des WHO-5 Wohlbefindens-Index [Test statistics testing and standardization of the German version of the EUROHIS-QOL Quality of Life Index and the WHO-5 Well-Being Index]. Diagnostica. 2007;53(2):83\u201396.","journal-title":"Diagnostica"},{"issue":"3","key":"29796_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1159\/000376585","volume":"84","author":"CW Topp","year":"2015","unstructured":"Topp CW, Ostergaard SD, Sondergaard S, Bech P. The WHO-5 well-being index: A systematic review of literature. Psychother Psychosom. 2015;84(3):167\u201376.","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"key":"29796_CR48","volume-title":"Manual Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT) \u2013 Version 2.0. KU Leuven","author":"WB Schaufeli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schaufeli WB, De Witte H, Desart S. Manual Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT) \u2013 Version 2.0. KU Leuven. Belgium: Unpublished internal report; 2020."},{"key":"29796_CR49","volume-title":"Manual zur deutschen Fassung des Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT-D) [Manual for the German version of the Burnout Assessment Tool]","author":"J Glaser","year":"2020","unstructured":"Glaser J, Seubert C. Manual zur deutschen Fassung des Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT-D) [Manual for the German version of the Burnout Assessment Tool]. \u00d6sterreich: Universit\u00e4t Innsbruck; 2020."},{"issue":"16","key":"29796_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9065","DOI":"10.3390\/su13169065","volume":"13","author":"G Angelini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Angelini G, Buonomo I, Benevene P, Consiglio P, Romao L, Fiorilli C. The burnout assessment tool (BAT): A contribution to Italian validation with teachers. Sustainability. 2021;13(16):9065.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"2","key":"29796_CR51","first-page":"233","volume":"7","author":"B Rammstedt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rammstedt B, Kemper CJ, Klein MC, Beierlein C, Kovaleva A. A Short Scale for Assessing the Big Five Dimensions of Personality. mda. 2013;7(2):233\u201349.","journal-title":"mda"},{"issue":"1","key":"29796_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2006.02.001","volume":"41","author":"B Rammstedt","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rammstedt B, John OP. Measuring personality in one minute or less: A 10-item short version of the Big Five Inventory in English and German. J Res Pers. 2007;41(1):203\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jrp.2006.02.001.","journal-title":"J Res Pers"},{"issue":"3","key":"29796_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1080\/10705500802222972","volume":"15","author":"BW Smith","year":"2008","unstructured":"Smith BW, Dalen J, Wiggins K, Tooley E, Christopher P, Bernard J. The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. Int J Behav Med. 2008;15(3):194\u2013200.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"29796_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01927","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192761","volume":"13","author":"A Chmitorz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chmitorz A, Wenzel M, Stieglitz RD, Kunzler A, Bagusat C, Helmreich I, Gerlicher A, Kampa M, Kubiak T, Kalisch R, Lieb K, T\u00fcscher O. Population-based validation of a German version of the Brief Resilience Scale. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(2):e01927.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"29796_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511761676","volume-title":"The essential guide to effect sizes: Statistical power, meta-analysis, and the interpretation of research results","author":"PD Ellis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ellis PD. The essential guide to effect sizes: Statistical power, meta-analysis, and the interpretation of research results. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2010."},{"issue":"1","key":"29796_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026253","volume":"104","author":"RM Klassen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Klassen RM, Perry NE, Frenzel AC. Teachers\u2018 Relatedness with students: an underemphasized component of teachers\u2018 basic psychological needs. J Educ Psychol. 2012;104(1):150\u201365.","journal-title":"J Educ Psychol"},{"key":"29796_CR57","first-page":"273","volume-title":"Editors. The SAGE handbook of personality theory and assessment","author":"RR McCrae","year":"2008","unstructured":"McCrae RR, Costa PT. Empirical and theoretical status of the five-factor model of personality traits. In: Boyle GJ, Matthews G, Saklofske DH, editors. Editors. The SAGE handbook of personality theory and assessment. Volume 1. California: SAGE Publications Ltd; 2008. pp. 273\u201394."},{"key":"29796_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01778","volume":"10","author":"LJ Moore","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moore LJ, Freeman P, Hase A, Solomon-Moore E, Arnold R. How consistent are challenge and threat evaluations? A generalizability analysis. Front Psychol. 2019;10:1778.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"29796_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.5771\/9783748915348-69","volume-title":"Editors. Verbraucherresilienz: Risikofaktoren, Vulnerabilit\u00e4ten und Interventionen","author":"C Aprea","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aprea C, Bucher-Koenen T, Cziriak M, Gilian D, Lohner M. Multiple Facetten der Resilienz von vulnerablen Verbraucherinnen und Verbrauchern im Umgang mit finanziellen Schocks: Erkenntnisse aus der Corona-Pandemie [Multiple facets of resilience among vulnerable consumers when dealing with financial shocks: insights from the coronavirus pandemic]. In: Achtziger A, Kenning P, editors. Editors. Verbraucherresilienz: Risikofaktoren, Vulnerabilit\u00e4ten und Interventionen. Baden-Baden: Nomos; 2023. pp. 69\u201384."},{"issue":"5","key":"29796_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","volume":"88","author":"PM Podsakoff","year":"2003","unstructured":"Podsakoff PM, MacKenzie SB, Lee J-Y, Podsakoff NP. Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. J Appl Psychol. 2003;88(5):879\u2013903.","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"29796_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/21683603.2020.1734125","volume":"8","author":"K Kangas-Dick","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kangas-Dick K, O\u2019Shaughnessy E. Interventions that promote resilience among teachers: A systematic review of the literature. Int J Sch Educ Psychol. 2020;8(2):131\u201346.","journal-title":"Int J Sch Educ Psychol"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-026-29796-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-026-29796-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-026-29796-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T17:02:33Z","timestamp":1791478953000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12889-026-29796-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["29796"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-026-29796-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 October 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of the University of Mannheim (Chairman: Prof. Dr. Ralf M\u00fcller-Terpitz). Furthermore, this study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was supported by the Vocational Education Teachers\u2019 Association of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany (BLV BW e.V.). They provided advertisement for the study, helped in the recruitment of participants, and financially supported this study. This cooperation presents no competing interests for the results or interpretation of this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Clinical trail number","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"2890"}}