{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T03:31:19Z","timestamp":1793503879179,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]],"date-time":"2019-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551139200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pulm Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-019-0801-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]],"date-time":"2019-02-26T08:05:10Z","timestamp":1551168310000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Utility of bronchoalveolar lavage in the management of immunocompromised patients presenting with lung infiltrates"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4229-3246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Randall","family":"Choo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naser Salman Hamza","family":"Naser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nivedita Vikas","family":"Nadkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devanand","family":"Anantham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"801_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.122.1.253","volume":"122","author":"A Ra\u00f1\u00f3","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ra\u00f1\u00f3 A, Agust\u00ed C, Benito N, Rovira M, Angrill J, Pumarola T, Torres A. Prognostic factors of non-HIV immunocompromised patients with pulmonary infiltrates. Chest. 2002;122(1):253\u201361.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"10","key":"801_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.02.017","volume":"67","author":"SL Jepson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jepson SL, Pakkal M, Bajaj A, Raj V. Pulmonary complications in the non-HIV immunocompromised patient. Clin Radiol. 2012;67(10):1001\u201310.","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"801_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit684","volume":"58","author":"LG Rubin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rubin LG, Levin MJ, Ljungman P, Davies EG, Avery R, Tomblyn M, Bousvaros A, Dhanireddy S, Sung L, Keyserling H, Kang I. 2013 IDSA clinical practice guideline for vaccination of the immunocompromised host. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58(3):e44\u2013100.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"801_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)60872-6","volume":"60","author":"EC Rosenow","year":"1985","unstructured":"Rosenow EC, Wilson WR, Cockerill FR. Pulmonary disease in the immunocompromised host (first of two parts). Mayo Clin Proc. 1985;60(7):473\u201387.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"801_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i1","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2013-203618","volume":"68","author":"IA Rand Du","year":"2013","unstructured":"Du Rand IA, Blaikley J, Booton R, Chaudhuri N, Gupta V, Khalid S, Mandal S, Martin J, Mills J, Navani N, Rahman NM. British Thoracic Society guideline for diagnostic flexible bronchoscopy in adults. Thorax. 2013;68:i1\u2013i44.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"801_CR6","volume-title":"Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program Protocol Development Website for Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events. [Internet] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","author":"National Cancer Institute","year":"2017","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute. Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program Protocol Development Website for Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events. [Internet] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2017. Available from: \n                    https:\/\/ctep.cancer.gov\/protocoldevelopment\/electronic_applications\/docs\/CTCAE_v5_Quick_Reference_5x7.pdf\n                    \n                  . [cited 2018 May 4]"},{"issue":"5","key":"801_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8","volume":"40","author":"ME Charlson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40(5):373\u201383.","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"801_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(94)90346-8","volume":"97","author":"RP Baughman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Baughman RP, Dohn MN, Frame PT. The continuing utility of bronchoalveolar lavage to diagnose opportunistic infection in AIDS patients. Am J Med. 1994;97(6):515\u201322.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"801_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.6.2134-2140.2002","volume":"40","author":"C Dan\u00e9s","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dan\u00e9s C, Gonz\u00e1lez-Mart\u00edn J, Pumarola T, Ra\u00f1\u00f3 A, Benito N, Torres A, Moreno A, Rovira M, de la Bellacasa JP. Pulmonary infiltrates in immunosuppressed patients: analysis of a diagnostic protocol. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40(6):2134\u201340.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"801_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2007.05.017","volume":"101","author":"L V\u00e9lez","year":"2007","unstructured":"V\u00e9lez L, Correa LT, Maya MA, Mej\u00eda P, Ortega J, Bedoya V, Ortega H. Diagnostic accuracy of bronchoalveolar lavage samples in immunosuppressed patients with suspected pneumonia: analysis of a protocol. Respir Med. 2007;101(10):2160\u20137.","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"801_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.4103\/1817-1737.114302","volume":"8","author":"KR Brownback","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brownback KR, Simpson SQ. Association of bronchoalveolar lavage yield with chest computed tomography findings and symptoms in immunocompromised patients. Ann Thorac Med. 2013;8(3):153\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Med"},{"key":"801_CR12","volume-title":"Bending the curve - ending TB: Annual report 2017. [Internet] WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia","author":"Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health Organization","year":"2017","unstructured":"Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health Organization. Bending the curve - ending TB: Annual report 2017. [Internet] WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia. 2017. Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/254762\n                    \n                  . [cited 2018 May 8]"},{"issue":"2","key":"801_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.56.2.115","volume":"56","author":"IA Hohenadel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hohenadel IA, Kiworr M, Genitsariotis R, Zeidler D, Lorenz J. Role of bronchoalveolar lavage in immunocompromised patients with pneumonia treated with a broad spectrum antibiotic and antifungal regimen. Thorax. 2001;56(2):115\u201320.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"11","key":"801_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.4065\/80.11.1414","volume":"80","author":"T Peikert","year":"2005","unstructured":"Peikert T, Rana S, Edell ES. Safety, diagnostic yield, and therapeutic implications of flexible bronchoscopy in patients with febrile neutropenia and pulmonary infiltrates. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005;80(11):1414\u201320.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"15","key":"801_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3424","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.25905","volume":"117","author":"F Sampsonas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sampsonas F, Kontoyiannis DP, Dickey BF, Evans SE. Performance of a standardized bronchoalveolar lavage protocol in a comprehensive cancer center. Cancer. 2011;117(15):3424\u201333.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"801_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3062.2001.003001002.x","volume":"3","author":"F Reichenberger","year":"2001","unstructured":"Reichenberger F, Dickenmann M, Binet I, Soler M, Bolliger C, Steiger J, Brunner F, Thiel G, Tamm M. Diagnostic yield of bronchoalveolar lavage following renal transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis. 2001;3(1):2\u20137.","journal-title":"Transpl Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"801_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.56.5.379","volume":"56","author":"A Ra\u00f1\u00f3","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ra\u00f1\u00f3 A, Agust\u00ed C, Jimenez P, Angrill J, Benito N, Danes C, Gonzalez J, Rovira M, Pumarola T, Moreno A, Torres A. Pulmonary infiltrates in non-HIV immunocompromised patients: a diagnostic approach using non-invasive and bronchoscopic procedures. Thorax. 2001;56(5):379\u201387.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"3","key":"801_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.122.3.878","volume":"122","author":"S Taggart","year":"2002","unstructured":"Taggart S, Breen R, Goldsack N, Sabin C, Johnson M, Lipman M. The changing pattern of bronchoscopy in an HIV-infected population. Chest. 2002;122(3):878\u201385.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"801_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.125.2.712","volume":"125","author":"P Jain","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jain P, Sandur S, Meli Y, Arroliga A, Stoller J, Mehta A. Role of flexible bronchoscopy in immunocompromised patients with lung infiltrates. Chest. 2004;125(2):712\u201322.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"4","key":"801_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2005.03.005","volume":"52","author":"AL Bissinger","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bissinger AL, Einsele H, Hamprecht K, Schumacher U, Kandolf R, Loeffler J, Aepinus C, Bock T, Jahn G, Hebart H. Infectious pulmonary complications after stem cell transplantation or chemotherapy: diagnostic yield of bronchoalveolar lavage. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005;52(4):275\u201380.","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"801_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1705505","volume":"38","author":"CC Hofmeister","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hofmeister CC, Czerlanis C, Forsythe S, Stiff PJ. Retrospective utility of bronchoscopy after hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2006;38(10):693\u20138.","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"issue":"2","key":"801_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2006.04.021","volume":"101","author":"WG Boersma","year":"2007","unstructured":"Boersma WG, Erjavec Z, van der Werf TS, de Vries-Hosper HG, Gouw ASH, Manson WL. Bronchoscopic diagnosis of pulmonary infiltrates in granulocytopenic patients with hematologic malignancies: BAL versus PSB and PBAL. Respir Med. 2007;101(2):317\u201325.","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"801_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2007.02.065","volume":"39","author":"CD Burger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Burger CD. Utility of positive bronchoalveolar lavage in predicting respiratory failure after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a retrospective analysis. Transplant Proc. 2007;39(5):1623\u20135.","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"issue":"4","key":"801_CR24","first-page":"209","volume":"16","author":"S Cordani","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cordani S, Manna A, Vignali M, Tascini C. Bronchoalveolar lavage as a diagnostic tool in patients with hematological malignancies and pneumonia. Infez Med. 2008;16(4):209\u201313.","journal-title":"Infez Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"801_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-007-0391-6","volume":"87","author":"M Hummel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hummel M, Rudert S, Hof H, Hehlmann R, Buchheidt D. Diagnostic yield of bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage in febrile patients with hematologic malignancies and pulmonary infiltrates. Ann Hematol. 2008;87(4):291\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"issue":"4","key":"801_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2009.203","volume":"45","author":"VR Shannon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shannon VR, Andersson BS, Lei X, Champlin RE, Kontoyiannis DP. Utility of early versus late fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the evaluation of new pulmonary infiltrates following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2010;45(4):647\u201355.","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"issue":"9","key":"801_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.145540","volume":"66","author":"RM Kottmann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kottmann RM, Kelly J, Lyda E, Gurell M, Stalica J, Ormsby W, Moon K, Trawick D, Sime PJ. Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage: determinants of yield and impact on management in immunosuppressed patients. Thorax. 2011;66(9):823.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"5","key":"801_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2012.11.012","volume":"49","author":"CR Gilbert","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gilbert CR, Lerner A, Baram M, Awsare BK. Utility of flexible bronchoscopy in the evaluation of pulmonary infiltrates in the hematopoietic stem cell transplant population\u2013a single center fourteen-year experience. Arch Bronconeumol. 2013;49(5):189\u201395.","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol"},{"issue":"1","key":"801_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-014-2172-3","volume":"94","author":"SW Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim SW, Rhee CK, Kang HS, Lee HY, Kang JY, Kim SJ, Kim SK, Lee SY, Kim YK, Lee JW. Diagnostic value of bronchoscopy in patients with hematologic malignancy and pulmonary infiltrates. Ann Hematol. 2015;94(1):153\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"issue":"1","key":"801_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1080\/03009734.2016.1237595","volume":"122","author":"T Svensson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Svensson T, Lundstr\u00f6m KL, H\u00f6glund M, Cherif H. Utility of bronchoalveolar lavage in diagnosing respiratory tract infections in patients with hematological malignancies: are invasive diagnostics still needed? Ups J Med Sci. 2017;122(1):56\u201360.","journal-title":"Ups J Med Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"801_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12684","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12684","volume":"19","author":"KK Sakata","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sakata KK, Klassen CL, Bollin KB, Grys TE, Slack JL, Wesselius LJ, Vikram HR. Microbiologic yield of bronchoalveolar lavage specimens from stem cell transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis. 2017;19(3):e12684.","journal-title":"Transpl Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["BMC Pulmonary Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12890-019-0801-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12890-019-0801-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12890-019-0801-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,25]],"date-time":"2020-02-25T19:08:41Z","timestamp":1582657721000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpulmmed.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12890-019-0801-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["801"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12890-019-0801-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2466"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2466","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 October 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 February 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 February 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Data was rendered non-identifiable with removal of patient\u2019s name, identification card number and date of procedure. Waiver of consent was approved by SingHealth Centralised Institutional Review Board. Approval Reference: 2011\/350\/C.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"51"}}