{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T01:42:38Z","timestamp":1783820558291,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604966400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pulm Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The close association between bronchiectasis and nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) is well-known. However, the clinical impact of subsequent new-onset NTM-PD in bronchiectasis patients has not been elucidated. The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical courses and radiographic changes of patients with bronchiectasis in whom NTM-PD subsequently developed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 221 patients with bronchiectasis who had participated in a non-NTM bronchiectasis cohort between July 1st 2011 and August 31st 2019 at Seoul National University Hospital were included in this study. The data of patients in whom NTM-PD developed during this observation period were analyzed; specifically, changes in the Bronchiectasis Severity Index (BSI) and lesions on computerized tomography (CT) scan of the chest arising during the observation period.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>During the observation period, NTM was isolated from 35 patients. A total of 31 patients (14.0%) satisfied the diagnostic criteria of NTM-PD. The median time from enrollment in the cohort to the development of subsequent NTM-PD was 37\u2009months (Interquartile range [IQR], 18\u201378\u2009months). <jats:italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/jats:italic> complex was the most common pathogen (80.6%). Twelve patients underwent antibiotic treatment for NTM-PD with a median interval of 20\u2009months (IQR, 13\u201330) from the time of NTM-PD diagnosis. When NTM-PD developed, the severity and extent of bronchiectasis, cellular bronchiolitis, and the extent of nodules worsened on CT scans, while BSI did not change.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>NTM-PD can develop in previously negative bronchiectasis patients. It is associated with worsening radiographic lesions. Active screening of non-NTM bronchiectasis patients for new-onset NTM infection should be considered, especially if radiographic findings worsen. The BSI is not a reliable predictor of new-onset NTM-PD.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study was performed at Seoul National University Hospital (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT01616745\">NCT01616745<\/jats:ext-link>).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-020-01331-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T10:02:59Z","timestamp":1605002579000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["New-onset nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease in bronchiectasis: tracking the clinical and radiographic changes"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Nakwon","family":"Kwak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong Hyuk","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyung-Jun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung A.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9605-0074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae-Joon","family":"Yim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1331_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0042-3","volume":"4","author":"JD Chalmers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chalmers JD, Chang AB, Chotirmall SH, Dhar R, McShane PJ. Bronchiectasis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4(1):45.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"5","key":"1331_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00119114","volume":"45","author":"JD Chalmers","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chalmers JD, Aliberti S, Blasi F. Management of bronchiectasis in adults. Eur Respir J. 2015;45(5):1446\u201362.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1331_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-2209","volume":"142","author":"AE Seitz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Seitz AE, Olivier KN, Adjemian J, Holland SM, Prevots DR. Trends in bronchiectasis among medicare beneficiaries in the United States, 2000 to 2007. Chest. 2012;142(2):432\u20139.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"1331_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01033-2015","volume":"47","author":"JK Quint","year":"2016","unstructured":"Quint JK, Millett ER, Joshi M, Navaratnam V, Thomas SL, Hurst JR, Smeeth L, Brown JS. Changes in the incidence, prevalence and mortality of bronchiectasis in the UK from 2004 to 2013: a population-based cohort study. Eur Respir J. 2016;47(1):186\u201393.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"5","key":"1331_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.10.055","volume":"151","author":"TR Aksamit","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aksamit TR, O'Donnell AE, Barker A, Olivier KN, Winthrop KL, Daniels MLA, Johnson M, Eden E, Griffith D, Knowles M, et al. Adult patients with bronchiectasis: a first look at the US bronchiectasis research registry. Chest. 2017;151(5):982\u201392.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"1331_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-1024","volume":"142","author":"PJ McShane","year":"2012","unstructured":"McShane PJ, Naureckas ET, Strek ME. Bronchiectasis in a diverse US population: effects of ethnicity on etiology and sputum culture. Chest. 2012;142(1):159\u201367.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"1331_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197950","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/197950","volume":"2015","author":"G Bonaiti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bonaiti G, Pesci A, Marruchella A, Lapadula G, Gori A, Aliberti S. Nontuberculous mycobacteria in noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:197950.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"1331_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1546751","volume":"36","author":"IK Park","year":"2015","unstructured":"Park IK, Olivier KN. Nontuberculous mycobacteria in cystic fibrosis and non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;36(2):217\u201324.","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1331_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-016-0349-3","volume":"17","author":"SJ Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim SJ, Yoon SH, Choi SM, Lee J, Lee CH, Han SK, Yim JJ. Characteristics associated with progression in patients with of nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease : a prospective cohort study. BMC Pulm Med. 2017;17(1):5.","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"1331_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4449","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-016-4286-6","volume":"26","author":"N Kwak","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kwak N, Lee CH, Lee HJ, Kang YA, Lee JH, Han SK, Yim JJ. Non-tuberculous mycobacterial lung disease: diagnosis based on computed tomography of the chest. Eur Radiol. 2016;26(12):4449\u201356.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"1331_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-558","volume":"13","author":"AR Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee AR, Lee J, Choi SM, Seong MW, Kim SA, Kim M, Chae KO, Lee JS, Yim JJ. Phenotypic, immunologic, and clinical characteristics of patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease in Korea. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:558.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"1331_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw723","volume":"64","author":"J Park","year":"2017","unstructured":"Park J, Cho J, Lee CH, Han SK, Yim JJ. Progression and treatment outcomes of lung disease caused by Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium massiliense. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64(3):301\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"1331_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2462070712","volume":"246","author":"DM Hansell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hansell DM, Bankier AA, MacMahon H, McLoud TC, Muller NL, Remy J. Fleischner society: glossary of terms for thoracic imaging. Radiology. 2008;246(3):697\u2013722.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1331_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200604-571ST","volume":"175","author":"DE Griffith","year":"2007","unstructured":"Griffith DE, Aksamit T, Brown-Elliott BA, Catanzaro A, Daley C, Gordin F, Holland SM, Horsburgh R, Huitt G, Iademarco MF, et al. An official ATS\/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175(4):367\u2013416.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1331_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201309-1575OC","volume":"189","author":"JD Chalmers","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chalmers JD, Goeminne P, Aliberti S, McDonnell MJ, Lonni S, Davidson J, Poppelwell L, Salih W, Pesci A, Dupont LJ, et al. The bronchiectasis severity index. An international derivation and validation study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;189(5):576\u201385.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1331_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill AT, Haworth CS, Aliberti S, Barker A, Blasi F, Boersma W, Chalmers JD, De Soyza A, Dimakou K, Elborn JS, et al. Pulmonary exacerbation in adults with bronchiectasis: a consensus definition for clinical research. Eur Respir J. 2017;49(6). https:\/\/erj.ersjournals.com\/content\/49\/6\/1700051.","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00051-2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"1331_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.12111374","volume":"263","author":"HS Kim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim HS, Lee KS, Koh WJ, Jeon K, Lee EJ, Kang H, Ahn J. Serial CT findings of Mycobacterium massiliense pulmonary disease compared with Mycobacterium abscessus disease after treatment with antibiotic therapy. Radiology. 2012;263(1):260\u201370.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1331_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2014.44857","volume":"10","author":"H Chu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chu H, Zhao L, Xiao H, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Gui T, Gong S, Xu L, Sun X. Prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacteria in patients with bronchiectasis: a meta-analysis. Arch Med Sci. 2014;10(4):661\u20138.","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"1331_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201412-559OC","volume":"12","author":"E Henkle","year":"2015","unstructured":"Henkle E, Hedberg K, Schafer S, Novosad S, Winthrop KL. Population-based incidence of pulmonary Nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in Oregon 2007 to 2012. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015;12(5):642\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"1331_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2503.181597","volume":"25","author":"H Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee H, Myung W, Koh WJ, Moon SM, Jhun BW. Epidemiology of Nontuberculous mycobacterial infection, South Korea, 2007-2016. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019;25(3):569\u201372.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"1331_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner D, Lipman M, Cooray S, Ringshausen FC, Morimoto K, Koh W-J, Thomson R. Global Epidemiology of NTM Disease (Except Northern America). In: Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease: Springer; 2019. p. 163\u2013260. https:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/10.1007\/978-3-319-93473-0.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-93473-0_8"},{"issue":"2","key":"1331_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2012.02.002","volume":"33","author":"DE Griffith","year":"2012","unstructured":"Griffith DE, Aksamit TR. Bronchiectasis and nontuberculous mycobacterial disease. Clin Chest Med. 2012;33(2):283\u201395.","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1331_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resinv.2014.09.004","volume":"53","author":"T Kadowaki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kadowaki T, Yano S, Wakabayashi K, Kobayashi K, Ishikawa S, Kimura M, Ikeda T. An analysis of etiology, causal pathogens, imaging patterns, and treatment of Japanese patients with bronchiectasis. Respir Investig. 2015;53(1):37\u201344.","journal-title":"Respir Investig"},{"issue":"2","key":"1331_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.02137.x","volume":"38","author":"AM Middleton","year":"2000","unstructured":"Middleton AM, Chadwick MV, Nicholson AG, Dewar A, Groger RK, Brown EJ, Wilson R. The role of Mycobacterium avium complex fibronectin attachment protein in adherence to the human respiratory mucosa. Mol Microbiol. 2000;38(2):381\u201391.","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1331_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200207-678OC","volume":"167","author":"KN Olivier","year":"2003","unstructured":"Olivier KN, Weber DJ, Wallace RJ Jr, Faiz AR, Lee JH, Zhang Y, Brown-Elliot BA, Handler A, Wilson RW, Schechter MS, et al. Nontuberculous mycobacteria. I: multicenter prevalence study in cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167(6):828\u201334.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"1331_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4124","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01257-09","volume":"47","author":"AL Roux","year":"2009","unstructured":"Roux AL, Catherinot E, Ripoll F, Soismier N, Macheras E, Ravilly S, Bellis G, Vibet MA, Le Roux E, Lemonnier L, et al. Multicenter study of prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacteria in patients with cystic fibrosis in France. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47(12):4124\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"1331_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polverino E, Goeminne PC, McDonnell MJ, Aliberti S, Marshall SE, Loebinger MR, Murris M, Canton R, Torres A, Dimakou K, et al. European Respiratory Society guidelines for the management of adult bronchiectasis. Eur Respir J. 2017;50(3). https:\/\/erj.ersjournals.com\/content\/50\/3\/1700629.","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00629-2017"}],"container-title":["BMC Pulmonary Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12890-020-01331-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12890-020-01331-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12890-020-01331-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T10:03:07Z","timestamp":1605002587000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpulmmed.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12890-020-01331-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1331"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12890-020-01331-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2466"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2466","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 April 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 November 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 November 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the amended Declaration of Helsinki and the Institutional Review Board of Seoul National University Hospital approved the protocol (IRB No.1806\u2013034-949). All patients provided written informed consents to participate in the study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"293"}}