{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T13:04:59Z","timestamp":1779887099496,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715299200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pulm Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To explore the association between PaCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and noninvasive ventilation (NIV) failure in patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A retrospective study was performed in a respiratory ICU of a teaching hospital. Patients admitted to ICU between 2011 and 2019 were screened. We enrolled the patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure. However, patients who used NIV due to acute-on-chronic respiratory failure or heart failure were excluded. Data before the use of NIV were collected. Requirement of intubation was defined as NIV failure.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 1029 patients were enrolled in final analysis. The rate of NIV failure was 45% (461\/1029). A nonlinear relationship between PaCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and NIV failure was found by restricted cubic splines (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.03). The inflection point was 32 mmHg. The rate of NIV failure was 42% (224\/535) in patients with PaCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> &gt;32 mmHg. However, it increased to 48% (237\/494) in those with PaCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2009\u2264\u200932 mmHg. The crude and adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for NIV failure was 1.36 (95%CI:1.13\u20131.64) and 1.23(1.01\u20131.49), respectively, if the patients with PaCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> &gt;32 mmHg were set as reference. In patients with PaCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2009\u2264\u200932 mmHg, one unit increment of PaCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> was associated with 5% reduction of NIV failure. However, it did not associate with NIV failure in patients with PaCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> &gt;32 mmHg.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>PaCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and NIV failure was nonlinear relationship. The inflection point was 32 mmHg. Below the inflection point, lower PaCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> was associated with higher NIV failure. However, it did not associate with NIV failure above this point.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-024-03023-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T15:01:52Z","timestamp":1715353312000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["PaCO2 is nonlinearly associated with NIV failure in patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyi","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiwei","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linfu","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"3023_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200402-226OC","volume":"172","author":"E L\u2019Her","year":"2005","unstructured":"L\u2019Her E, Deye N, Lellouche F, et al. 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