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It is associated with extensive systemic inflammation, changes to the lung extracellular matrix, and long-term lung impairment such as interstitial lung disease (ILD). In this study, the aim was to investigate whether tissue remodelling, wound healing, and neutrophil activity is altered in patients with COVID-19 and how these relate to the development of post-COVID ILD.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Serum samples were collected from 63 patients three months after discharge as part of the Research Evaluation Alongside Clinical Treatment study in COVID-19 (REACT COVID-19), 10 of whom developed ILD, and 16 healthy controls. Samples were quantified using neo-epitope specific biomarkers reflecting tissue stiffness and formation (PC3X, PRO-C3, and PRO-C6), tissue degradation (C1M, C3M, and C6M), wound healing (PRO-FIB and X-FIB), and neutrophil activity (CPa9-HNE and ELP-3).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Mean serum levels of PC3X (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), PRO-C3 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002), C3M (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.009), PRO-FIB (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), CPa9-HNE (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), and ELP-3 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) were significantly elevated in patients with COVID-19 compared to healthy controls. Moreover, PC3X (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.023) and PRO-C3 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.032) were significantly elevated in post-COVID ILD as compared to COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Serological biomarkers reflecting type III collagen remodelling, clot formation, and neutrophil activity were significantly elevated in COVID-19 and type III collagen formation markers were further elevated in post-COVID ILD. The findings suggest an increased type III collagen remodelling in COVID-19 and warrants further investigations to assess the potential of tissue remodelling biomarkers as a tool to identify COVID-19 patients at high risk of developing ILD.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-024-03144-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T02:01:58Z","timestamp":1720576918000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Biomarkers of tissue remodelling are elevated in serum of COVID-19 patients who develop interstitial lung disease - an exploratory biomarker study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Helene Wallem","family":"Breisnes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana Julie","family":"Leeming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morten Asser","family":"Karsdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aishath","family":"Fazleen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jannie Marie","family":"B\u00fclow Sand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"3144_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02796-3","volume":"399","author":"H Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang H, et al. 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This study was approved by London-Bromley Research Ethics Committee (REC) - Health Research Authority, REC reference 20\/HRA\/2986. Patient samples were collected under the Southampton Research Biorepository amendment and provided written consent. According to the qualified vendor BioIVT, healthy samples were collected in compliance with the REC recommendations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"D. J. Leeming, M. A. Karsdal, and J. M. B. Sand are employed at Nordic Bioscience which is a company involved in discovery and development of biochemical markers. Additionally, D. J. Leeming, M. A. Karsdal, and J. M. B. Sand are shareholders in Nordic Bioscience Holding A\/S. H.W. Breisnes is a PhD student at University of Copenhagen, conducting her project in collaboration with Nordic Bioscience.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"331"}}