{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:40:36Z","timestamp":1792788036791,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736380800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Medical Science and Technology Development Foundation of Department of Health of Shandong Province","award":["2019WS113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019WS113"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pulm Med"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-024-03473-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T09:33:40Z","timestamp":1736415220000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Metagenomic analysis identifying a polymicrobial pulmonary infection in a non-HIV immunocompromised patient: a case report"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Duan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yupeng","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqing","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ding","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"3473_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2016.05.004","volume":"85","author":"YK Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim YK, Sung H, Jung J, Yu SN, Lee JY, Kim SH, et al. Impact of immune status on the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of nocardiosis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016;85(4):482\u20137.","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"3473_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3109\/03009742.2011.630328","volume":"41","author":"C Fritzsche","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fritzsche C, Riebold D, Munk-Hartig A, Klammt S, Neeck G, Reisinger E. High prevalence of Pneumocystis Jirovecii colonization among patients with autoimmune inflammatory diseases and corticosteroid therapy. Scand J Rheumatol. 2012;41(3):208\u201313.","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3473_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-024-03234-z","volume":"24","author":"FX Ling","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ling FX, Qu DM, Lu YQ, Li R, Zhao L. Successful treatment of mixed pulmonary aspergillus and Mucor infection using intrabronchial amphotericin B infusion: a case report and literature review. BMC Pulm Med. 2024;24(1):436.","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"3473_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439472","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1439472","volume":"14","author":"Y Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu Y, Wu W, Xiao Y, Zou H, Hao S, Jiang Y. Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing and targeted metagenomic next-generation sequencing in diagnosing pulmonary infections in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2024;14:1439472.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3473_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-019-1022-4","volume":"19","author":"J Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang J, Han Y, Feng J. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing for mixed pulmonary infection diagnosis. BMC Pulm Med. 2019;19(1):252.","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"3473_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1097\/RTI.0000000000000342","volume":"33","author":"N Tanaka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tanaka N, Kunihiro Y, Yanagawa N. Infection in immunocompromised hosts: imaging. J Thorac Imaging. 2018;33(5):306\u201321.","journal-title":"J Thorac Imaging"},{"issue":"4","key":"3473_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2021.07.002","volume":"33","author":"M Mei-Sheng Riley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mei-Sheng Riley M. Invasive fungal infections among immunocompromised patients in critical care settings: infection Prevention Risk Mitigation. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 2021;33(4):395\u2013405.","journal-title":"Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am"},{"issue":"8","key":"3473_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028016650107","volume":"50","author":"LJ Avino","year":"2016","unstructured":"Avino LJ, Naylor SM, Roecker AM. Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia in the Non-HIV-Infected Population. Ann Pharmacother. 2016;50(8):673\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"issue":"9","key":"3473_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-021-04254-x","volume":"40","author":"F Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang F, Chen J, Huang H, Deng X, Zhang W, Zeng M, et al. Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in the diagnosis and treatment guidance of Pneumocystis Jirovecii pneumonia in renal transplant recipients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021;40(9):1933\u201342.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"3473_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofw208","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofw208","volume":"3","author":"SL McGuinness","year":"2016","unstructured":"McGuinness SL, Whiting SE, Baird R, Currie BJ, Ralph AP, Anstey NM, et al. Nocardiosis in the Tropical Northern Territory of Australia, 1997\u20132014. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2016;3(4):ofw208.","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"3473_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPW84AFTUWMHYU","volume":"142","author":"HL Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang HL, Seo YH, LaSala PR, Tarrand JJ, Han XY. Nocardiosis in 132 patients with cancer: microbiological and clinical analyses. Am J Clin Pathol. 2014;142(4):513\u201323.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3473_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2624","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.6.2624-2628.2005","volume":"43","author":"G Wauters","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wauters G, Avesani V, Charlier J, Janssens M, Vaneechoutte M, Delmee M. Distribution of nocardia species in clinical samples and their routine rapid identification in the laboratory. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43(6):2624\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"3473_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2829","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S257587","volume":"13","author":"J Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen J, He T, Li X, Wang X, Peng L, Ma L. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing in diagnosis of a case of Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia in a kidney transplant recipient and literature review. Infect Drug Resist. 2020;13:2829\u201336.","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"issue":"2","key":"3473_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2018.08.013","volume":"78","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Ai JW, Cui P, Zhang WH, Wu HL, Ye MZ. A cluster of cases of pneumocystis pneumonia identified by shotgun metagenomics approach. J Infect. 2019;78(2):158\u201369.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"3473_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00013","volume":"10","author":"SS Weng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weng SS, Zhang HY, Ai JW, Gao Y, Liu YY, Xu B, et al. Rapid Detection of Nocardia by Next-Generation sequencing. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:13.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3473_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06436-6","volume":"21","author":"L Pan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pan L, Pan XH, Xu JK, Huang XQ, Qiu JK, Wang CH, et al. Misdiagnosed tuberculosis being corrected as Nocardia farcinica infection by metagenomic sequencing: a case report. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):754.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"3473_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06905-y","volume":"21","author":"J Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu J, Li X, Zhang T, Lin X, Chen YC. Disseminated Nocardia farcinica involves the spinal cord: a case report and review of the literature. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):1224.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"3473_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669552","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.669552","volume":"8","author":"M Jiao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jiao M, Deng X, Yang H, Dong J, Lv J, Li F. Case Report: a severe and multi-site Nocardia farcinica infection rapidly and precisely identified by Metagenomic Next-Generation sequencing. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:669552.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"1","key":"3473_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-022-00545-z","volume":"21","author":"Z Qin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qin Z, Zou Y, Huang Z, Yu N, Deng Z, Chen Z, et al. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing contributes to the diagnosis of mixed pulmonary infection: a case report. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2022;21(1):52.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"issue":"suppl2","key":"3473_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S231","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy693","volume":"67","author":"Q Miao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Miao Q, Ma Y, Wang Q, Pan J, Zhang Y, Jin W, et al. Microbiological Diagnostic performance of Metagenomic Next-generation sequencing when Applied to Clinical Practice. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67(suppl2):S231\u201340.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"20","key":"3473_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4912","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v11.i20.4912","volume":"11","author":"WB Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu WB, Fu JJ, Yuan XJ, Xian QJ, Zhang LJ, Song PP, et al. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing in the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis: a case report. World J Clin Cases. 2023;11(20):4912\u20139.","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"3473_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764142","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.764142","volume":"11","author":"P Song","year":"2021","unstructured":"Song P, Chen S, Tan X, Gao Y, Fu J, You Z, et al. Metagenomic analysis identifying a rare Leishmania infection in an adult with AIDS. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:764142.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"3473_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S356662","volume":"15","author":"T Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang T, Mei Q, Fang X, Zhu S, Wang Y, Li W, et al. Clinical value of Metagenomics Next-Generation sequencing in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid for patients with severe hospital-acquired pneumonia: a nested case-control study. Infect Drug Resist. 2022;15:1505\u201314.","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"}],"container-title":["BMC Pulmonary Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12890-024-03473-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12890-024-03473-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12890-024-03473-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T09:43:24Z","timestamp":1736415804000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpulmmed.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12890-024-03473-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3473"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12890-024-03473-0","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5307741\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2466"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2466","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"As this manuscript is a case report of clinical care provided to a patient, and it does not include any of the patient\u2019s personal identifiers, ethics approval by the institutional review board was not required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The patient provided written informed consent for the publication of the data.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"12"}}