{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T13:08:58Z","timestamp":1764076138130,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pulm Med"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-025-04018-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T12:10:43Z","timestamp":1764072643000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficacy and safety of anlotinib combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of extensive-stage small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis based on real-world data"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Yuying","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuebin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaoshuai","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"4018_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2022.04.001","volume":"86","author":"WZ Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang WZ, Shulman A, Amann JM, Carbone DP, Tsichlis PN. Small cell lung cancer: subtypes and therapeutic implications. Sem Cancer Biol. 2022;86:543\u201354.","journal-title":"Sem Cancer Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4018_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21785","volume":"73","author":"Z Megyesfalvi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Megyesfalvi Z, Gay CM, Popper H, Pirker R, Ostoros G, Heeke S, Lang C, Hoetzenecker K, Schwendenwein A, Boettiger K, et al. Clinical insights into small cell lung cancer: tumor heterogeneity, diagnosis, therapy, and future directions. Cancer J Clin. 2023;73(6):620\u201352.","journal-title":"Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"4018_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rudin CM, Brambilla E, Faivre-Finn C, Sage J. Small-cell lung cancer. Nat Reviews Disease Primers. 2021;7(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41572-020-00235-0.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00235-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"4018_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.15178","volume":"15","author":"Z Zheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zheng Z, Liu J, Ma J, Kang R, Liu Z, Yu J. Advances in new targets for immunotherapy of small cell lung cancer. Thorac Cancer. 2023;15(1):3\u201314.","journal-title":"Thorac Cancer"},{"key":"4018_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"He J, Hu Q. Progress in the clinical application of immune checkpoint inhibitors in small cell lung cancer. Front Immunol. 2023:14:1126582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1126582.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1126582"},{"issue":"11","key":"4018_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.14423\/SMJ.0000000000001166","volume":"113","author":"H Bukamur","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bukamur H, Katz H, Alsharedi M, Alkrekshi A, Shweihat YR, Munn NJ. Immune checkpoint Inhibitor-Related pulmonary toxicity: focus on nivolumab. South Med J. 2020;113(11):600\u20135.","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"4018_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2019.12.109","volume":"15","author":"HC Chung","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chung HC, Piha-Paul SA, Lopez-Martin J, Schellens JHM, Kao S, Miller WH, Delord J-P, Gao B, Planchard D, Gottfried M, et al. Pembrolizumab after two or more lines of previous therapy in patients with recurrent or metastatic SCLC: results from the KEYNOTE-028 and KEYNOTE-158 studies. J Thorac Oncol. 2020;15(4):618\u201327.","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4018_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-018-0664-7","volume":"11","author":"G Shen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shen G, Zheng F, Ren D, Du F, Dong Q, Wang Z, Zhao F, Ahmad R, Zhao J. Anlotinib: a novel multi-targeting tyrosine kinase inhibitor in clinical development. J Hematol Oncol. 2018;11(1):120.","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4018_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-021-01356-3","volume":"125","author":"Y Cheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cheng Y, Wang Q, Li K, Shi J, Liu Y, Wu L, Han B, Chen G, He J, Wang J, et al. Anlotinib vs placebo as third- or further-line treatment for patients with small cell lung cancer: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 study. Br J Cancer. 2021;125(3):366\u201371.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"10","key":"4018_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03132-1","volume":"30","author":"Y Cheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cheng Y, Chen J, Zhang W, Xie C, Hu Q, Zhou N, Huang C, Wei S, Sun H, Li X, et al. Benmelstobart, anlotinib and chemotherapy in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer: a randomized phase 3 trial. Nat Med. 2024;30(10):2967\u201376.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"4018_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-021-02869-9","volume":"70","author":"X Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang X, Zeng L, Li Y, Xu Q, Yang H, Lizaso A, Mao X, Jin R, Zeng Y, Li Q, et al. Anlotinib combined with PD-1 Blockade for the treatment of lung cancer: a real-world retrospective study in China. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2021;70(9):2517\u201328.","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"4018_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391828","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1391828","volume":"14","author":"S Shen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shen S, Li X, Guo S, Xu L, Yan N. Camrelizumab combined with anlotinib as second-line therapy for metastatic or recurrent small cell lung cancer: a retrospective cohort study. Front Oncol. 2024;14:1391828.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"4018_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Page MA-O, Moher D, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, Shamseer L, Tetzlaff JM, Akl EA, Brennan SE, et al. PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n160.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160"},{"key":"4018_CR14","unstructured":"Slim K, Nini E, Fau - Forestier D, Forestier D, Fau - Kwiatkowski F, Kwiatkowski F, Fau - Panis Y, Panis Y, Fau - Chipponi J, Chipponi J. Methodological index for non-randomized studies (minors): development and validation of a new instrument. 1445\u2009\u2013\u20091433."},{"issue":"5","key":"4018_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.4149\/neo_2024_240716N299","volume":"71","author":"X Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li X, Wu D, Tang J, Wu Y. Albumin bound-paclitaxel combined with anlotinib and immunotherapy in the second-line treatment of ES-SCLC: a retrospective cohort study. Neoplasma. 2024;71(5):482\u20139.","journal-title":"Neoplasma"},{"key":"4018_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10483","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S337316","volume":"14","author":"YY Hao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hao YY, Qiao YP, Cheng JD. Clinical activity and safety of anlotinib combined with PD-1 Blockades for patients with previously treated small cell lung cancer. Int J Gen Med. 2021;14:10483\u201393.","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"4018_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu Y, Zhang Y, Tian Y, Lv Y, Zhang J. Clinical efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors plus anlotinib as secondline or subsequent therapy in extensive stage small cell lung cancer: a retrospective study. Clin Transl Oncol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12094-024-03654-7.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-024-03654-7"},{"issue":"6","key":"4018_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e155","DOI":"10.1002\/cai2.155","volume":"3","author":"H Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li H, Yuan S, Wu H, Wang Y, Ma Y, Tang X, Fu X, Zhao L, Xu B, Li T, et al. Combination therapy using low-dose anlotinib and immune checkpoint inhibitors for extensive-stage small cell lung cancer. Cancer Innov. 2024;3(6):e155.","journal-title":"Cancer Innov"},{"issue":"7","key":"4018_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-024-03390-y","volume":"26","author":"M Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu M, Shao K, Wang Y, Hao Y, Song Z. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of anlotinib monotherapy or anlotinib plus immune checkpoint inhibitor for advanced small cell lung cancer with brain metastases. Clin Transl Oncol. 2024;26(7):1687\u201395.","journal-title":"Clin Transl Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4018_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4391","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-24-394","volume":"16","author":"P Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang P, Luo H, Zhao L, Xiong F, Tang C. Effectiveness and safety of anlotinib plus anti-programmed cell death 1\/ligand 1 (anti-PD-1\/PD-L1) antibodies as maintenance therapy after first-line chemotherapy combined with anti-PD-1\/PD-L1 antibodies in extensive-stage small cell lung cancer: a real-world study. J Thorac Dis. 2024;16(7):4391\u20139.","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"4018_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.4149\/neo_2024_231104N572","volume":"71","author":"X Ying","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ying X, Shi Z, Shao R, You G, Song Z. Efficacy and safety analysis of anlotinib in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors for second-line and subsequent extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer. Neoplasma. 2024;71(3):297\u2013305.","journal-title":"Neoplasma"},{"issue":"23","key":"4018_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70449","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.70449","volume":"13","author":"X Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li X, Wu D, Peng Y, Tang J, Wu Y. The efficacy and safety of Albumin-Bound Paclitaxel combined with anlotinib and PD-1\/L1 inhibitors for treating patients with Extensive-Stage small cell lung cancer and brain metastasis: A retrospective cohort study. Cancer Med. 2024;13(23):e70449.","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"4018_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107327482513183","DOI":"10.1177\/10732748251318383","volume":"32","author":"Y Peng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Peng Y, Wu D, Tang J, Li X. Efficacy and safety of anlotinib and PD-1\/L1 inhibitors as maintenance therapy for Extensive-Stage small cell lung cancer patients who have achieved Stable-Disease after First-Line treatment with chemotherapy and immunotherapy: A retrospective study. Cancer Control. 2025;32:10732748251318383.","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"issue":"5","key":"4018_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5372","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.5360","volume":"12","author":"L Yu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yu L, Xu J, Qiao R, Han B, Zhong H, Zhong R. Efficacy and safety of anlotinib combined with PD-1\/PD-L1 inhibitors as second-line and subsequent therapy in advanced small-cell lung cancer. Cancer Med. 2023;12(5):5372\u201383.","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4018_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpt.2024.02.001","volume":"2","author":"C Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang C, Chen J, Wu H, Wang J, Gao L, Zhao J, Sun Y, Jia Z, Mu X, Bai C, et al. Efficacy and safety of anlotinib plus penpulimab as second-line treatment for small cell lung cancer: A multicenter, open-label, single-arm phase II trial. Cancer Pathog Ther. 2024;2(4):268\u201375.","journal-title":"Cancer Pathog Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"4018_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-022-04182-6","volume":"160","author":"S Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou S, Ren F, Li C, Jiang L, Meng X, Huang Z. Efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors plus anlotinib in small cell lung cancer with brain metastases: a retrospective, multicentre study. J Neurooncol. 2022;160(3):631\u201342.","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4018_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-021-03858-2","volume":"148","author":"Q Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen Q, Li Y, Zhang W, Wang C, Yang S, Guo Q. Safety and efficacy of ICI plus anlotinib vs. anlotinib alone as third-line treatment in extensive-stage small cell lung cancer: a retrospective study. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2022;148(2):401\u20138.","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4018_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01957-3","volume":"9","author":"X Han","year":"2024","unstructured":"Han X, Guo J, Li L, Huang Y, Meng X, Wang L, Zhu H, Meng X, Shao Q, Li X, et al. Sintilimab combined with anlotinib and chemotherapy as second-line or later therapy in extensive-stage small cell lung cancer: a phase II clinical trial. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024;9(1):241.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"4018_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102543","volume":"70","author":"S Ma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ma S, He Z, Liu Y, Wang L, Yang S, Wu Y, Chen H, Wu Y, Wang Q. Sintilimab plus anlotinib as second or further-line therapy for extensive disease small cell lung cancer: a phase 2 investigator-initiated non-randomized controlled trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2024;70:102543.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"4018_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02153-7","volume":"10","author":"M Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu M, Qiu G, Guan W, Xie X, Lin X, Xie Z, Zhang J, Qin Y, Du H, Chen X, et al. Induction chemotherapy followed by camrelizumab plus apatinib and chemotherapy as first-line treatment for extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer: a multicenter, single-arm trial. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2025;10(1):65.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"4018_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168879","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1168879","volume":"14","author":"J Ni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ni J, Si X, Wang H, Zhang X, Zhang L. Camrelizumab plus platinum-irinotecan followed by maintenance camrelizumab plus apatinib in untreated extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer: a nonrandomized clinical trial. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1168879.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4018_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2020.10.002","volume":"16","author":"Y Fan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fan Y, Zhao J, Wang Q, Huang D, Li X, Chen J, Fang Y, Duan J, Zhou C, Hu Y, et al. Camrelizumab plus apatinib in Extensive-Stage SCLC (PASSION): A Multicenter, Two-Stage, phase 2 trial. J Thorac Oncol. 2021;16(2):299\u2013309.","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"4018_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3429","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S426898","volume":"17","author":"S Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li S, Wang H. Research progress on mechanism and management of adverse drug reactions of anlotinib. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2023;17:3429\u201337.","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"4018_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13247","volume":"318","author":"N Singh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singh N, Hocking AM, Buckner JH. Immune-related adverse events after immune check point inhibitors: Understanding the intersection with autoimmunity. Immunol Rev. 2023;318(1):81\u20138.","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"4018_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.12977","volume":"10","author":"X Si","year":"2019","unstructured":"Si X, Zhang L, Wang H, Zhang X, Wang M, Han B, Li K, Wang Q, Shi J, Wang Z, et al. Management of anlotinib-related adverse events in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: experiences in ALTER-0303. Thorac Cancer. 2019;10(3):551\u20136.","journal-title":"Thorac Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"4018_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.08856","volume":"70","author":"RM Touyz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Touyz RM, Lang NN, Herrmann J, van den Meiracker AH, Danser AHJ. Recent advances in hypertension and cardiovascular toxicities with vascular endothelial growth factor Inhibition. Hypertension. 2017;70(2):220\u20136.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"4","key":"4018_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13536","volume":"109","author":"C Xie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xie C, Wan X, Quan H, Zheng M, Fu L, Li Y, Lou L. Preclinical characterization of anlotinib, a highly potent and selective vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 inhibitor. Cancer Sci. 2018;109(4):1207\u201319.","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"key":"4018_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Augustin HA-O, Koh GY. Antiangiogenesis: Vessel Regression, Vessel Normalization, or Both? (1538\u20137445 (Electronic)). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-21-3515.","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-21-3515"},{"issue":"12","key":"4018_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.13715","volume":"17","author":"B Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang B, Zhong H, Shi C, Gao Z, Zhong R, Gu A, Wang W, Chu T, Xiong L, Zhang W, et al. Rationale and design of a multicenter, randomized phase II trial of durvalumab with or without multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitor as maintenance treatment in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer patients (DURABLE study). Clin Respir J. 2023;17(12):1361\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Respir J"},{"key":"4018_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3827","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S249678","volume":"12","author":"HY Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang HY, Chu JF, Zhao Y, Tang H, Wang LL, Zhou MQ, Yan Z, Liu YY, Yao ZH. A trial of the safety and efficacy of chemotherapy plus anlotinib vs chemotherapy alone as Second- or Third-Line salvage treatment for advanced Non-Small cell lung cancer. Cancer Manag Res. 2020;12:3827\u201334.","journal-title":"Cancer Manag Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"4018_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-2241","volume":"28","author":"Y Su","year":"2022","unstructured":"Su Y, Luo B, Lu Y, Wang D, Yan J, Zheng J, Xiao J, Wang Y, Xue Z, Yin J, et al. Anlotinib induces a T Cell\u2013Inflamed tumor microenvironment by facilitating vessel normalization and enhances the efficacy of PD-1 checkpoint Blockade in neuroblastoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2022;28(4):793\u2013809.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"4018_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-2511-3","volume":"11","author":"S Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu S, Qin T, Liu Z, Wang J, Jia Y, Feng Y, Gao Y, Li K. Anlotinib alters tumor immune microenvironment by downregulating PD-L1 expression on vascular endothelial cells. Cell Death Dis. 2020;11(5):309.","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"4018_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-020-02641-5","volume":"69","author":"Y Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang Y, Li L, Jiang Z, Wang B, Pan Z. Anlotinib optimizes anti-tumor innate immunity to potentiate the therapeutic effect of PD-1 Blockade in lung cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2020;69(12):2523\u201332.","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"issue":"1","key":"4018_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30539-8","volume":"22","author":"JW Goldman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goldman JW, Dvorkin M, Chen Y, Reinmuth N, Hotta K, Trukhin D, Statsenko G, Hochmair MJ, \u00d6zg\u00fcro\u011flu M, Ji JH, et al. Durvalumab, with or without tremelimumab, plus platinum-etoposide versus platinum-etoposide alone in first-line treatment of extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (CASPIAN): updated results from a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22(1):51\u201365.","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4018_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.01055","volume":"39","author":"SV Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu SV, Reck M, Mansfield AS, Mok T, Scherpereel A, Reinmuth N, Garassino MC, De Castro Carpeno J, Califano R, Nishio M, et al. Updated overall survival and PD-L1 subgroup analysis of patients with Extensive-Stage Small-Cell lung cancer treated with Atezolizumab, Carboplatin, and Etoposide (IMpower133). J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(6):619\u201330.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"4018_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.16464","volume":"328","author":"Y Cheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cheng Y, Han L, Wu L, Chen J, Sun H, Wen G, Ji Y, Dvorkin M, Shi J, Pan Z, et al. Effect of First-Line Serplulimab vs placebo added to chemotherapy on survival in patients with Extensive-Stage small cell lung cancer: the ASTRUM-005 randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2022;328(12):1223\u201332.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"4018_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s12920-022-01255-3","volume":"15","author":"J Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu J, Zhao Z, Wei S, Li B, Zhao Z. Genomic features of Chinese small cell lung cancer. BMC Med Genomics. 2022;15(1):117.","journal-title":"BMC Med Genomics"},{"issue":"11","key":"4018_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.13333","volume":"72","author":"X Ma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ma X, Han S, Liu Y, Liu JT, Fang J, Zhang YH. Pharmacogenetic impact of UGT1A1 polymorphisms on pulmonary neuroendocrine tumours treated with metronomic irinotecan-based chemotherapy in Chinese populations. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2020;72(11):1528\u201335.","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmacol"},{"key":"4018_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2024.115067","volume":"212","author":"Y Velut","year":"2024","unstructured":"Velut Y, Arqu\u00e9 B, Wislez M, Blons H, Burroni B, Prieto M, Beau S, Fournel L, Birsen G, Cremer I, et al. The tumor immune microenvironment of SCLC is not associated with its molecular subtypes. Eur J Cancer. 2024;212:115067.","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"}],"container-title":["BMC Pulmonary Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12890-025-04018-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12890-025-04018-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12890-025-04018-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T13:05:15Z","timestamp":1764075915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpulmmed.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12890-025-04018-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4018"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12890-025-04018-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2466"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1471-2466"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"544"}}