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This study examined clinical and immunological phenotypes of CID patients with and without pulmonary manifestations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This retrospective multicenter study included 53 CID patients diagnosed between 2009 and 2022 with available thoracic computed tomography scans. Patients were categorized based on pulmonary manifestations presence. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics were compared using conservative statistical thresholds (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). All laboratory parameters were interpreted using age-adjusted pediatric reference ranges.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 53 patients (56.6% male), 43 had pulmonary abnormalities on HRCT. Common clinical features included skin lesions (43.4%), failure to thrive (34%), and autoimmunity (32.1%). HRCT revealed pneumonia (28.3%), bronchiectasis (18.9%), interstitial lung disease with BOOP-like pattern (3.8%), and other findings. Using age-adjusted pediatric reference ranges, profound immunological defects were confirmed: absolute lymphocyte count below the 5th percentile in 92% (49\/53), CD3\u2009+\u2009T cells below the 5th percentile in 94% (47\/50 tested), CD4\u2009+\u2009T cells below the 5th percentile in 96% (51\/53), CD19\u2009+\u2009B cells below the 5th percentile in 94% (50\/53), and hypogammaglobulinaemia (IgG below the 5th percentile) in 98% (52\/53). Patients with abnormal HRCT had significantly lower CD4\u2009+\u2009T-cell counts (178 vs. 498 cells\/\u00b5L;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.008) and CD19\u2009+\u2009B-cell counts (42 vs. 189 cells\/\u00b5L;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.009). Bronchoscopy identified Aspergillus fumigatus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and multidrug-resistantAcinetobacter baumannii. Deceased patients showed significantly lower baseline platelets (183,000 vs. 266,000 cells\/\u00b5L;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.009), IgG (380 vs. 720\u00a0mg\/dL;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.007), and IgE (0.8 vs. 12 IU\/mL;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.008).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Pulmonary manifestations affect 81.1% of Iranian CID patients. Low baseline platelets, IgG, and IgE constitute a robust prognostic triad for mortality (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.009,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.007,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.008 respectively). Application of age-adjusted reference ranges revealed profound immunological defects. Systematic HRCT surveillance using low-dose protocols and distinguishing infectious sequelae from immune-mediated lung disease guides targeted management in resource-limited settings.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-026-04115-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T08:34:49Z","timestamp":1769848489000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Demographic, clinical, and immunological features in combined immunodeficiency patients: a comparative analysis of those with and without pulmonary manifestations \u2013 a multicenter study from Iran"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ghamartaj","family":"Khanbabaee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matin","family":"Pourghasem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahnaz","family":"Jamee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyed Ahmad","family":"Tabatabaii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mitra","family":"Khalili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samin","family":"Sharafian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehrnaz","family":"Mesdaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahnaz","family":"Sadeghi-Shabestari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Armin","family":"Shirvani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saeid","family":"Sadr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arefeh","family":"Zahmatkesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samaneh","family":"Delavari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Narges","family":"Eslami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nazanin","family":"Farahbakhsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahboubeh","family":"Mansouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ebrahim","family":"Tabiei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyedeh Zalfa","family":"Modarresi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdolhamid Taghizadeh","family":"Behbahani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Golnaz","family":"Eslamian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mazdak","family":"Fallahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javad","family":"Enayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shahrzad","family":"Fallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahsa","family":"Pourghasem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asghar","family":"Aghamohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Chavoshzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"4115_CR1","first-page":"457","volume":"14","author":"M Nourizadeh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nourizadeh M, Borte S, Fazlollahi MR, Hammarstr\u00f6m L, Pourpak Z. 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