{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T17:01:49Z","timestamp":1774026109870,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":35,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zhejiang University Hundred Talents Program (Clinical medicine) Initial Funding","award":["B202311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B202311"]}]},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotherapy","award":["20200201464JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20200201464JC"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Project of Education Department of Jilin Province","award":["JJKH20221077KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20221077KJ"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pulm Med"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-026-04167-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T08:34:05Z","timestamp":1770971645000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vitamin D and vitamin D receptor polymorphisms modify cardiovascular outcomes in asthma: a prospective cohort study based on the UK Biobank"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ziwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lifen","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junbao","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jialiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zenghui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1251-7608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yadong","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7913-3372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"4167_CR1","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"J Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang J, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Hu L, Liu J, Wang L, et al. Pathogenesis of allergic diseases and implications for therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023;8:1\u2013138.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"4167_CR2","first-page":"10258","volume":"396","author":"GBD Diseases","year":"2020","unstructured":"Diseases GBD, Injuries C. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396:10258\u20131204.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4167_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40733-016-0029-3","volume":"3","author":"C Nunes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nunes C, Pereira AM. & Morais-Almeida M asthma costs and social impact. Asthma Res Pract. 2017;3:1.","journal-title":"Asthma Res Pract"},{"key":"4167_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00166","volume":"11","author":"D Gurgone","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gurgone D, McShane L, McSharry C, Guzik TJ. & Maffia P cytokines at the interplay between asthma and atherosclerosis? Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:166.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"4167_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2015.09.009","volume":"174","author":"CL Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu CL, Zhang JY. & Shi GP interaction between allergic asthma and atherosclerosis. Transl Res. 2016;174:5\u201322.","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"4167_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-022-00067-z","volume":"1","author":"J Guo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo J, Zhang Y, Liu T, Levy BD, Libby P. Shi GP allergic asthma is a risk factor for human cardiovascular diseases. Nat Cardiovasc Res. 2022;1:5\u2013417.","journal-title":"Nat Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"4167_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2006.09.004","volume":"195","author":"S Onufrak","year":"2007","unstructured":"Onufrak S, Abramson J, Vaccarino V. Adult-onset asthma is associated with increased carotid atherosclerosis among women in the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. Atherosclerosis. 2007;195:1\u2013129.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"4167_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00014.2015","volume":"96","author":"S Christakos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Christakos S, Dhawan P, Verstuyf A, Verlinden L, Carmeliet G, Vitamin D. Metabolism, molecular mechanism of Action, and pleiotropic effects. Physiol Rev. 2016;96:1\u2013365.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"4167_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.106112","volume":"79","author":"L Malaguarnera","year":"2020","unstructured":"Malaguarnera L. Vitamin D and microbiota: two sides of the same coin in the Immunomodulatory aspects. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;79:106112.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"4167_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.03.021","volume":"39","author":"S Chirumbolo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chirumbolo S, Bjorklund G, Sboarina A, Vella. A the role of vitamin D in the immune system as a Pro-survival molecule. Clin Ther. 2017;39:5\u2013894.","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"4167_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.12.033","volume":"156","author":"RJ Freishtat","year":"2010","unstructured":"Freishtat RJ, Iqbal SF, Pillai DK, Klein CJ, Ryan LM, Benton AS, et al. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among inner-city African American youth with asthma in Washington, DC. J Pediatr. 2010;156:6\u2013948.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"4167_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2014.07.009","volume":"219","author":"A Hamzaoui","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hamzaoui A, Berraies A, Hamdi B, Kaabachi W, Ammar J. & Hamzaoui K vitamin D reduces the differentiation and expansion of Th17 cells in young asthmatic children. Immunobiology. 2014;219:11\u2013873.","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"4167_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.18318","volume":"315","author":"BL Chawes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chawes BL, Bonnelykke K, Stokholm J, Vissing NH, Bjarnadottir E, Schoos AM, et al. Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation during pregnancy on risk of persistent wheeze in the offspring: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;315:4\u2013353.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"4167_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.18589","volume":"315","author":"AA Litonjua","year":"2016","unstructured":"Litonjua AA, Carey VJ, Laranjo N, Harshfield BJ, McElrath TF, O\u2019Connor GT, et al. Effect of prenatal supplementation with vitamin D on asthma or recurrent wheezing in offspring by age 3 years: the VDAART randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;315:4\u2013362.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"4167_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12508","volume":"69","author":"R Confino-Cohen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Confino-Cohen R, Brufman I, Goldberg A, Feldman. BS vitamin D, asthma prevalence and asthma exacerbations: a large adult population-based study. Allergy. 2014;69:12\u20131673.","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"4167_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2019-213936","volume":"76","author":"R Andujar-Espinosa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Andujar-Espinosa R, Salinero-Gonzalez L, Illan-Gomez F, Castilla-Martinez M, Hu-Yang C. Ruiz-Lopez FJ effect of vitamin D supplementation on asthma control in patients with vitamin D deficiency: the ACVID randomised clinical trial. Thorax. 2021;76:2\u2013126.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"4167_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balaji H, Logesh R. The structural and functional dynamics of vitamin D and its receptor with their associated genes targeting diseases. Obes Med. 2023;42:100508.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obmed.2023.100508"},{"key":"4167_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-021-00433-1","volume":"10","author":"I Karampela","year":"2021","unstructured":"Karampela I, Sakelliou A, Vallianou N, Christodoulatos GS, Magkos F, Dalamaga M. Vitamin D and obesity: current evidence and controversies. Curr Obes Rep. 2021;10:2\u2013162.","journal-title":"Curr Obes Rep"},{"key":"4167_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2023.10.013","volume":"124","author":"Q Jiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiang Q, Prabahar K, Saleh SAK, Adly HM, Velu P, Adi AR, et al. The effects of vitamin D supplementation on C-reactive protein and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2024;124:3\u2013387.","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"4167_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4358","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124358","volume":"13","author":"S Rafiq","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rafiq S, Jeppesen PB. Vitamin D deficiency is inversely associated with homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. Nutrients. 2021;13:4358.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"4167_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02097-z","volume":"19","author":"J Mutz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mutz J, Roscoe CJ. Lewis CM exploring health in the UK biobank: associations with sociodemographic characteristics, psychosocial factors, lifestyle and environmental exposures. BMC Med. 2021;19:1\u2013240.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"4167_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7726","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0579-z","volume":"562","author":"C Bycroft","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bycroft C, Freeman C, Petkova D, Band G, Elliott LT, Sharp K, et al. The UK biobank resource with deep phenotyping and genomic data. Nature. 2018;562:7726\u2013203.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4167_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001779","volume":"12","author":"C Sudlow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sudlow C, Gallacher J, Allen N, Beral V, Burton P, Danesh J, et al. UK biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age. PLoS Med. 2015;12:3\u2013e1001779.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"4167_CR24","unstructured":"Fry D, AR MS, Gordon M, Singh P. UK Biobank biomarker project: companion document to accompany serum biomarker data. 2019. Available at: https:\/\/biobank.ndph.ox.ac.uk\/showcase\/showcase\/docs\/serum_biochemistry."},{"key":"4167_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a018033","volume":"22","author":"JM Zmuda","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zmuda JM, Cauley JA. & Ferrell RE molecular epidemiology of vitamin D receptor gene variants. Epidemiol Rev. 2000;22:2\u2013203.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"4167_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afx160","volume":"47","author":"A Clegg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Clegg A, Bates C, Young J, Ryan R, Nichols L, Teale EA, et al. Development and validation of an electronic frailty index using routine primary care electronic health record data. Age Ageing. 2018;47:2\u2013319.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"4167_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"k4168","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k4168","volume":"363","author":"LC Rutten-Jacobs","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rutten-Jacobs LC, Larsson SC, Malik R, Rannikmae K, consortium M, International Stroke Genetics C, et al. Genetic risk, incident stroke, and the benefits of adhering to a healthy lifestyle: cohort study of 306 473 UK biobank participants. BMJ. 2018;363:k4168.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"4167_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385","volume":"96","author":"MF Holick","year":"2011","unstructured":"Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:7\u20131911.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"4167_CR29","first-page":"6","volume":"9","author":"SS Gunta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gunta SS, Thadhani RI, Mak. RH the effect of vitamin D status on risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2013;9:6\u2013337.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"4167_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.02.066","volume":"52","author":"JH Lee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lee JH, O\u2019Keefe JH, Bell D, Hensrud DD. Holick MF vitamin D deficiency an important, common, and easily treatable cardiovascular risk factor? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:24\u20131949.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"4167_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.11.1174","volume":"168","author":"E Giovannucci","year":"2008","unstructured":"Giovannucci E, Liu Y, Hollis BW, Rimm. EB 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of myocardial infarction in men: a prospective study. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:11\u20131174.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"4167_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2019.105480","volume":"195","author":"FL Crowe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Crowe FL, Thayakaran R, Gittoes N, Hewison M, Thomas GN, Scragg R, et al. Non-linear associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations with risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: results from the health improvement network (THIN) database. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2019;195:105480.","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"4167_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab809","volume":"43","author":"A Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou A, Selvanayagam JB, Hypponen E. Non-linear Mendelian randomization analyses support a role for vitamin D deficiency in cardiovascular disease risk. Eur Heart J. 2022;43:18\u20131731.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"4167_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910949","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.910949","volume":"9","author":"N Gao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gao N, Li X, Kong M, Ni M, Wei D, Zhu X, et al. Associations between vitamin D levels and risk of heart failure: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Front Nutr. 2022;9:910949.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"4167_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.006802","volume":"6","author":"JD Sluyter","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sluyter JD, Camargo CA Jr., Stewart AW, Waayer D, Lawes CMM, Toop L, et al. Effect of Monthly, High-Dose, Long-Term vitamin D supplementation on central blood pressure parameters: A randomized controlled trial substudy. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6:10.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"4167_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.03.508","volume":"67","author":"KK Witte","year":"2016","unstructured":"Witte KK, Byrom R, Gierula J, Paton MF, Jamil HA, Lowry JE, et al. Effects of vitamin D on cardiac function in patients with chronic HF: the VINDICATE study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:22\u20132593.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"4167_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75391-0","volume":"10","author":"YW Lu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lu YW, Chou RH, Liu LK, Chen LK, Huang PH. & lin SJ the relationship between Circulating vitamin D3 and subclinical atherosclerosis in an elderly Asian population. Sci Rep. 2020;10:1\u201318704.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4167_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2017.0175","volume":"2","author":"R Scragg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Scragg R, Stewart AW, Waayer D, Lawes CMM, Toop L, Sluyter J, et al. Effect of monthly High-Dose vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular disease in the vitamin D assessment study: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2:6\u2013608.","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"4167_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.09.619","volume":"77","author":"DJA Jenkins","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jenkins DJA, Spence JD, Giovannucci EL, Kim YI, Josse RG, Vieth R, et al. Supplemental vitamins and minerals for cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment: JACC focus seminar. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;77:4\u2013423.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"4167_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.04.019","volume":"117","author":"IL Shadid","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shadid IL, Brustad N, Lu M, Chawes BL, Bisgaard H, Zeiger RS, et al. The impact of baseline 25-Hydroxyvitamin D level and gestational age on prenatal vitamin D supplementation to prevent offspring asthma or recurrent wheezing. Am J Clin Nutr. 2023;117:6\u20131342.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"4167_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2020.1762838","volume":"33","author":"AA Mohamed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mohamed AA, Hussein MS, Salah EM, Eldemery A, Darwish MM, Ghaith DM, et al. Efficacy and safety of active vitamin D supplementation in chronic spontaneous urticaria patients. J Dermatolog Treat. 2022;33:1\u2013427.","journal-title":"J Dermatolog Treat"},{"issue":"4","key":"4167_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.11.031","volume":"137","author":"S Bunyavanich Jr","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bunyavanich S, Rifas-Shiman SL, Platts-Mills TA, Workman L, Sordillo JE, Camargo CA Jr, et al. Prenatal, perinatal, and childhood vitamin D exposure and their association with childhood allergic rhinitis and allergic sensitization. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;137(4):1063\u2013e10701062.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"4167_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2004.05.014","volume":"338","author":"AG Uitterlinden","year":"2004","unstructured":"Uitterlinden AG, Fang Y, Van Meurs JB, Pols HA. Leeuwen JP genetics and biology of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms. Gene. 2004;338:2\u2013143. Van.","journal-title":"Gene"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"4167_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(01)00406-3","volume":"177","author":"GK Whitfield","year":"2001","unstructured":"Whitfield GK, Remus LS, Jurutka PW, Zitzer H, Oza AK, Dang HT, et al. Functionally relevant polymorphisms in the human nuclear vitamin D receptor gene. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2001;177(1\u20132):145\u201359.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"4167_CR45","first-page":"2","volume":"40","author":"ZW Huang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Huang ZW, Dong J, Piao JH, Li WD, Tian Y, Xu J, et al. [Relationship between the absorption of dietary calcium and the Fok I polymorphism of VDR gene in young women]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2006;40:2\u201375.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"4167_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275368","volume":"17","author":"X Yan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yan X, Wei Y, Wang D, Zhao J, Zhu K, Liu Y, et al. Four common vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and coronary artery disease susceptibility: A trial sequential analysis. PLoS ONE. 2022;17:10\u2013e0275368.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4167_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-025-01139-z","volume":"24","author":"J Ma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ma J, Li P, Wang J, Zhang H, Li Z, Tao L, et al. Vitamin D status, vitamin D receptor polymorphisms, and risk of cardiometabolic Multimorbidity. Nutr J. 2025;24:1\u201376.","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"4167_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2011.62","volume":"8","author":"C Lahoute","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lahoute C, Herbin O, Mallat Z, Tedgui. A adaptive immunity in atherosclerosis: mechanisms and future therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2011;8:6\u2013348.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"4167_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1190081","volume":"188","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Leung DY, Richers BN, Liu Y, Remigio LK, Riches DW, et al. Vitamin D inhibits monocyte\/macrophage Proinflammatory cytokine production by targeting MAPK phosphatase-1. J Immunol. 2012;188:5\u20132127.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"4167_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.9.4974","volume":"167","author":"A Boonstra","year":"2001","unstructured":"Boonstra A, Barrat FJ, Crain C, Heath VL, Savelkoul HF. & o\u2019garra A 1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin d3 has a direct effect on Naive CD4(+) T cells to enhance the development of Th2 cells. J Immunol. 2001;167:9\u20134974.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"4167_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.12.009","volume":"45","author":"C Almerighi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Almerighi C, Sinistro A, Cavazza A, Ciaprini C, Rocchi G. & bergamini A 1Alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits CD40L-induced pro-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory activity in human monocytes. Cytokine. 2009;45:3\u2013190.","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"4167_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25063298","volume":"25","author":"YL Tain","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tain YL, Hsu CN. The Renin-Angiotensin system and Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic syndrome: focus on Early-Life programming. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25:6.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"4167_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M705495200","volume":"282","author":"W Yuan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yuan W, Pan W, Kong J, Zheng W, Szeto FL, Wong KE, et al. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses Renin gene transcription by blocking the activity of the Cyclic AMP response element in the Renin gene promoter. J Biol Chem. 2007;282:41\u201329821.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"4167_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr459","volume":"33","author":"J Dong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dong J, Wong SL, Lau CW, Lee HK, Ng CF, Zhang L, et al. Calcitriol protects renovascular function in hypertension by down-regulating angiotensin II type 1 receptors and reducing oxidative stress. Eur Heart J. 2012;33:23\u20132980.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"4167_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.160929","volume":"57","author":"KL Jablonski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jablonski KL, Chonchol M, Pierce GL, Walker AE, Seals. DR 25-Hydroxyvitamin D deficiency is associated with inflammation-linked vascular endothelial dysfunction in middle-aged and older adults. Hypertension. 2011;57:1\u201363.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"4167_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000025269.60668.0F","volume":"91","author":"MC Rebsamen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rebsamen MC, Sun J, Norman AW, Liao. JK 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces vascular smooth muscle cell migration via activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Circ Res. 2002;91:1\u201317.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"4167_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23109","volume":"29","author":"H Nimitphong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nimitphong H, Guo W, Holick MF, Fried SK, Lee MJ. Vitamin D inhibits adipokine production and inflammatory signaling through the vitamin D receptor in human adipocytes. Obesity. 2021;29:3\u2013562.","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"4167_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4131","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S256132","volume":"13","author":"A Cordeiro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cordeiro A, Campos B, Pereira SE, Saboya CJ, Ramalho A. Inadequacy of vitamin D nutritional status in individuals with metabolically unhealthy obesity phenotype: the relevance of insulin resistance. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2020;13:4131\u20139.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"4167_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12461","volume":"51","author":"D Sun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sun D, Luo F, Xing JC, Zhang F, Xu JZ, Zhang ZH. 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibited Th17 cells differentiation via regulating the NF-kB activity and expression of IL-17. Cell Prolif. 2018;51:5\u2013e12461.","journal-title":"Cell Prolif"},{"key":"4167_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyac087","volume":"52","author":"A Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou A, Hypp\u00f6nen E. Vitamin D deficiency and C-reactive protein: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Int J Epidemiol. 2023;52:1\u2013260.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"4167_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2014-0386","volume":"93","author":"P Selvaraj","year":"2015","unstructured":"Selvaraj P, Harishankar M, Afsal K, Vitamin D. Immuno-modulation and tuberculosis treatment. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2015;93:5\u2013377.","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"4167_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124220","volume":"13","author":"M Mo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mo M, Shao B, Xin X, Luo W, Si S, Jiang W, et al. The association of gene variants in the vitamin D metabolic pathway and its interaction with vitamin D on gestational diabetes mellitus: A prospective cohort study. Nutrients. 2021;13:12\u20134220.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"4167_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2017.02.003","volume":"259","author":"Y Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li Y, Zhong X, Cheng G, Zhao C, Zhang L, Hong Y, et al. Hs-CRP and all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality risk: a meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis. 2017;259:75\u201382.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"4167_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac268","volume":"43","author":"S Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li S, Liu Z, Joseph P, Hu B, Yin L, Tse LA, et al. Modifiable risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease and mortality in china: a PURE substudy. Eur Heart J. 2022;43:30\u20132852.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"}],"container-title":["BMC Pulmonary Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12890-026-04167-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12890-026-04167-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12890-026-04167-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T16:03:01Z","timestamp":1774022581000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12890-026-04167-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4167"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12890-026-04167-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2466"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2466","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The UK Biobank study received ethical approval from the North West-Haydock Research Ethics Committee (REC reference: 21\/NW\/0157) in June 2021.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"125"}}