{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T01:06:38Z","timestamp":1779239198449,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":44,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014869","name":"Chongqing Xinqiao Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YQB052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YQB052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014869","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Xinqiao Hospital of Army medical university","award":["2024F042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024F042"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pulm Med"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-026-04194-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T09:55:33Z","timestamp":1775469333000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Case reports of immune-associated pneumonia with radiological cavity formation"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Liang","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huoyan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhoukui","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yangfan","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"24","key":"4194_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6051","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-1320","volume":"22","author":"M Nishino","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nishino M, Ramaiya NH, Awad MM, Sholl LM, Maattala JA, Taibi M, et al. PD-1 inhibitor-related pneumonitis in advanced cancer patients: radiographic patterns and clinical course. Clin Cancer Res. 2016;22(24):6051\u201360.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"4194_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2016.12.016","volume":"104","author":"T Kato","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kato T, Masuda N, Nakanishi Y, Takahashi M, Hida T, Sakai H, et al. Nivolumab-induced interstitial lung disease analysis of two phase II studies patients with recurrent or advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2017;104:111\u20138.","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"issue":"7","key":"4194_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.68.2005","volume":"35","author":"J Naidoo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Naidoo J, Wang X, Woo KM, Iyriboz T, Halpenny D, Cunningham J, et al. Pneumonitis in patients treated with anti-programmed death-1\/programmed death ligand 1 therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(7):709\u201317.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4194_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700050","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00050-2017","volume":"50","author":"M Delaunay","year":"2017","unstructured":"Delaunay M, Cadranel J, Lusque A, Meyer N, Gounant V, Moro-Sibilot D, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitors associated with interstitial lung disease in cancer patients. Eur Respir J. 2017;50(2):1700050.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"4194_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2018.09.015","volume":"125","author":"JY Cho","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cho JY, Kim J, Lee JS, Kim YJ, Kim SH, Lee YJ, et al. Characteristics, incidence, and risk factors of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2018;125:150\u20136.","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"issue":"12","key":"4194_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2018.08.2035","volume":"13","author":"K Suresh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Suresh K, Voong KR, Shankar B, Forde PM, Ettinger DS, Marrone KA, et al. Pneumonitis in non-small cell lung cancer patients receiving immune checkpoint immunotherapy: incidence and risk factors. J Thora Oncol. 2018;13(12):1930\u20139.","journal-title":"J Thora Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4194_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e108","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyad187","volume":"29","author":"K Horiuchi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Horiuchi K, Ikemura S, Sato T, Shimozaki K, Okamori S, Yamada Y, et al. Preexisting interstitial lung abnormalities and immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis in solid tumors: A retrospective analysis. Oncologist. 2024;29(1):e108\u201317.","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"issue":"6","key":"4194_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201906-1202ST","volume":"200","author":"CR Sears","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sears CR, Peikert T, Possick JD, Naidoo J, Nishino M, Patel SP, et al. Knowledge gaps and research priorities in immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis. An official American Thoracic Society research statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;200(6):e31\u201343.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"4194_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2019.06.001","volume":"134","author":"D Fujimoto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fujimoto D, Yomota M, Sekine A, Morita M, Morimoto T, Hosomi Y, et al. Nivolumab for advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients with mild idiopathic interstitial pneumonia: a multicenter, open-label single-arm phase II trial. Lung Cancer. 2019;134:274\u20138.","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"issue":"10","key":"4194_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx286","volume":"28","author":"L Khoja","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khoja L, Day D, Wei-Wu Chen T, Siu LL, Hansen AR. Tumour- and class-specific patterns of immune-related adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review. Ann Oncol. 2017;28(10):2377\u201385.","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4194_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.04.177","volume":"152","author":"M Khunger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khunger M, Rakshit S, Pasupuleti V, Hernandez AV, Mazzone P, Stevenson J, et al. Incidence of pneumonitis with use of programmed death 1 and programmed death-ligand 1 inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of trials. Chest. 2017;152(2):271\u201381.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"4194_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-024-03180-w","volume":"24","author":"F Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li F, Zheng L, Xu X, Jin J, Li X, Li Zhou. The impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on the risk of immune-related pneumonitis in lung cancer patients undergoing immunotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pulm Med. 2024;24:393.","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"issue":"17","key":"4194_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e156","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.39.3298","volume":"30","author":"G Berthod","year":"2012","unstructured":"Berthod G, Lazor R, Letovanec I, Romano E, Noirez L, Mazza Stalder J, et al. Pulmonary sarcoid-like granulomatosis induced by ipilimumab. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(17):e156\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4194_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-019-01490-2","volume":"24","author":"PH Rambhia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rambhia PH, Reichert B, Scott JF, Feneran AN, Kazakov JA, Honda K, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced sarcoidosislike granulomas. Int J Clin Oncol. 2019;24(10):1171\u201381.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4194_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201308-1483ST","volume":"188","author":"WD Travis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Travis WD, Costabel U, Hansell DM, King TE Jr, Lynch DA, Nicholson AG, et al. An official American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory Society statement: update of the international multidisciplinary classification of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;188(6):733\u201348.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"4194_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.2217\/fon-2019-0102","volume":"15","author":"T Baba","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baba T, Sakai F, Kato T, Kusumoto M, Kenmotsu H, Sugiura H, et al. Radiologic features of pneumonitis associated with nivolumab in non-small-cell lung cancer and malignant melanoma. Future Oncol. 2019;15(16):1911\u201320.","journal-title":"Future Oncol"},{"issue":"131","key":"4194_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1183\/09059180.00009113","volume":"23","author":"KM Antoniou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Antoniou KM, Margaritopoulos GA, Tomassetti S, Bonella F, Costabel U, Poletti V. Interstitial lung disease. Eur Respir Rev. 2014;23(131):40\u201354.","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"4194_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00094910","volume":"38","author":"M Romagnoli","year":"2011","unstructured":"Romagnoli M, Nannini C, Piciucchi S, Girelli F, Gurioli C, Casoni G, et al. Idiopathic nonspeciffc interstitial pneumonia: an interstitial lung disease associated with autoimmune disorders? Eur Respir J. 2011;38(2):384\u201391.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"12","key":"4194_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5140","DOI":"10.62347\/DAGZ2151","volume":"15","author":"L Wenlong Qi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wenlong Qi L, Tian Z, Li J, Xu T, Wang. Pathogen spectrum and management strategies for opportunistic infections in lung cancer in the immunotherapy era: recent advances from fungi to mycobacteria. Am J Cancer Res. 2025;15(12):5140\u201367.","journal-title":"Am J Cancer Res"},{"key":"4194_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e280","DOI":"10.14694\/EdBook_AM.2013.33.e280","volume":"33","author":"LQ Chow","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chow LQ. Exploring novel immune-related toxicitie s and endpoints with immune-checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 2013;33:e280.","journal-title":"Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book"},{"issue":"3","key":"4194_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1177\/1753465816636557","volume":"10","author":"O Abdel-Rahman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abdel-Rahman O, Fouad M. Risk of pneum onitis in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a m etaanalysis. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2016;10(3):183\u201393.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Respir Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4194_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-017-0433-z","volume":"10","author":"H Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li H, Ma W, Yoneda KY, et al. Severe nivolum ab-induced pneumonitis preceding durable clinical remission in a patient with refractory, metastatic lung squamous cell cancer: a case report. J Hematol Oncol. 2017;10(1):64.","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"4194_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-016-0117-1","volume":"4","author":"VH Koelzer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koelzer VH, Rothschild SI, Zihler D, et al. Systemic inflammation in a m elanom a patient treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors-an autopsy study. J Immunother Cancer. 2016;4:13.","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"4194_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527690","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1527690","volume":"15","author":"J Guixian Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Guixian Wu J, Qu J, Zheng B, Wu T, Wang Y. Gan. er al. Immunotherapy rechallenge after ICI-related pneumonitis in lung cancer patients: a retrospective cohort study. Front Oncol. 2025;15:1527690.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"4194_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2010.09.003","volume":"37","author":"KC Kaehler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kaehler KC, Piel S, Livingstone E, Schilling B, Hauschild A, SChadendorf D. Update on immunologic therapy with anti CTLA-4 antibodies in melanoma: Identification of clinical and biological response patterns, immune-related adverse events, and their management. Semin Oncol. 2010;37:485\u201398.","journal-title":"Semin Oncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"4194_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdv383","volume":"26","author":"J Naidoo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Naidoo J, Page DB, Li BT, Connell LC, Schindler K, Lacouture ME, et al. Toxicities of the anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 immune checkpoint antibodies. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(12):2375\u201391.","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"4194_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4305","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI128654","volume":"129","author":"K Suresh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Suresh K, Naidoo J, Zhong Q, Xiong Y, Mammen J, de Flores MV, et al. The alveolar immune cell landscape is dysregulated in checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis. J Clin Invest. 2019;129:4305\u201315.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"35","key":"4194_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabc3646","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc3646","volume":"6","author":"J Liang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liang J, Wang H, Ding W, Huang J, Zhou X, Wang H, et al. Nanoparticleenhanced chemo-immunotherapy to trigger robust antitumor immunity. Sci Adv. 2020;6(35):eabc3646.","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"1","key":"4194_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02650-z","volume":"18","author":"S Strippoli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Strippoli S, Fucci L, Negri A, Putignano D, Cisternino ML, Napoli G, et al. Cellular analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid to narrow differential diagnosis of checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis in metastatic melanoma. J Transl Med. 2020;18(1):473.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Pulmonary Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12890-026-04194-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12890-026-04194-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12890-026-04194-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:22:12Z","timestamp":1779236532000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12890-026-04194-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4194"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12890-026-04194-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2466"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2466","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This case was carried out ethically in compliance with the World Medical Association's Declaration of Helsinki. The data collection received approval from the Ethics Committees of the Xinqiao Hospital (Number 2025-126-01). No concerns regarding conflicts of interest or publication ethics.Written informed consent was obtained from the two patients for participation in this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to parti-cipate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent for publication was obtained from the two patients.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"225"}}