{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T17:52:58Z","timestamp":1787680378586,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":36,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020365","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020365","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pulm Med"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-026-04281-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T06:25:04Z","timestamp":1776147904000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Incidence, viral etiology, and risk factors of wheezing in children under two years of age: findings from a low-income urban community in Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Homayra Rahman","family":"Shoshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashrak Shad","family":"Pyash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Abdullah Al Jubayer","family":"Biswas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Altaf Ahmed","family":"Riaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafizur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashidul","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Petri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahmida","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Zakiul","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"4281_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.14.0170","volume":"18","author":"I Asher","year":"2014","unstructured":"Asher I, Pearce N. Global burden of asthma among children. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014;18(11):1269\u201378.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"4281_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(16)38440-1","volume":"39","author":"WJ Morgan","year":"1992","unstructured":"Morgan WJ, Martinez FD. Risk factors for developing wheezing and asthma in childhood. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1992;39(6):1185\u2013203.","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"4281_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2018.05.013","volume":"140","author":"L Behrooz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Behrooz L, Balekian DS, Faridi MK, Espinola JA, Townley LP, Camargo CA Jr. Prenatal and postnatal tobacco smoke exposure and risk of severe bronchiolitis during infancy. Respir Med. 2018;140:21\u20136.","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"4281_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.15586\/aei.v49i3.43","volume":"49","author":"TC Cabrera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cabrera TC, M\u00e9ndez SA, Gonz\u00e1lez MML, Garc\u00eda DG, Garc\u00eda-Marcos L, Galindo PV, et al. Childhood wheezing phenotypes and their association to perinatal factors: a longitudinal study. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2021;49(3):8\u201316.","journal-title":"Allergol Immunopathol (Madr)"},{"key":"4281_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-26961-6_22","volume-title":"Pediatric respiratory diseases: a comprehensive textbook","author":"LE Vega-Brice\u00f1o","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vega-Brice\u00f1o LE, Contreras Estay I, S\u00e1nchez I. Children with recurrent wheezing. In: Bertrand P, S\u00e1nchez I, editors. Pediatric respiratory diseases: a comprehensive textbook. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2020. p. 205\u201314."},{"issue":"Supplement_1","key":"4281_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac163","volume":"226","author":"JP McGinley","year":"2022","unstructured":"McGinley JP, Lin GL, \u00d6ner D, Golubchik T, O\u2019Connor D, Snape MD, et al. Clinical and viral factors associated with disease severity and subsequent wheezing in infants with respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Infect Dis. 2022;226(Supplement_1):S45\u201354.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"4281_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1038\/nri725","volume":"2","author":"JE Gern","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gern JE, Busse WW. Relationship of viral infections to wheezing illnesses and asthma. Nat Rev Immunol. 2002;2(2):132\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4281_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.04.006","volume":"114","author":"PW Heymann","year":"2004","unstructured":"Heymann PW, Carper HT, Murphy DD, Platts-Mills TA, Patrie J, McLaughlin AP, et al. Viral infections in relation to age, atopy, and season of admission among children hospitalized for wheezing. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114(2):239\u201347.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4281_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.25-0466","volume":"114","author":"AS Pyash","year":"2026","unstructured":"Pyash AS, Shoshi HR, Biswas M, Rahman M, Haque R, Petri WA, et al. Incidence and viral etiology of acute respiratory infections and pneumonia among children under two years: a birth cohort study in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2026;114(2):237\u201346.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"5","key":"4281_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2010.01035.x","volume":"21","author":"L Garcia-Marcos","year":"2010","unstructured":"Garcia-Marcos L, Mallol J, Sol\u00e9 D, Brand PL. International study of wheezing in infants: risk factors in affluent and non-affluent countries during the first year of life. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2010;21(5):878\u201388.","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"4281_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2009.115188","volume":"65","author":"J Mallol","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mallol J, Garc\u00eda-Marcos L, Sol\u00e9 D, Brand P, the ESG. International prevalence of recurrent wheezing during the first year of life: variability, treatment patterns and use of health resources. Thorax. 2010;65(11):1004.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"12","key":"4281_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2007.02784.x","volume":"37","author":"CE Kuehni","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kuehni CE, Strippoli MP, Low N, Brooke AM, Silverman M. Wheeze and asthma prevalence and related health-service use in white and south Asian pre-schoolchildren in the United Kingdom. Clin Exp Allergy. 2007;37(12):1738\u201346.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"issue":"3","key":"4281_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2016.08.011","volume":"46","author":"I Alvarez-Alvarez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alvarez-Alvarez I, Niu H, Guillen-Grima F, Aguinaga-Ontoso I. Meta-analysis of prevalence of wheezing and recurrent wheezing in infants. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2018;46(3):210\u20137.","journal-title":"Allergol Immunopathol (Madr)"},{"key":"4281_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Afraneha R, Pasha T, Krithika AP, Hariharasudhan T. Clinical profile of wheeze in children between 6\u201360 months of age: a cross-sectional study in South India. Int J Res Med Sci. 2025;13(8):3346\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18203\/2320-6012.ijrms20252405.","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-6012.ijrms20252405"},{"issue":"1","key":"4281_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5043-3","volume":"18","author":"R Seneviratne","year":"2018","unstructured":"Seneviratne R, Gunawardena NS. Prevalence and associated factors of wheezing illnesses of children aged three to five years living in under-served settlements of the Colombo Municipal Council in Sri Lanka: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):127.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"4281_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(22)00304-2","volume":"7","author":"C McCready","year":"2023","unstructured":"McCready C, Haider S, Little F, Nicol MP, Workman L, Gray DM, et al. Early childhood wheezing phenotypes and determinants in a South African birth cohort: longitudinal analysis of the Drakenstein Child Health Study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2023;7(2):127\u201335.","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 7","key":"4281_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S628","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz311","volume":"222","author":"T Shi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shi T, Ooi Y, Zaw EM, Utjesanovic N, Campbell H, Cunningham S, et al. Association between respiratory syncytial virus-associated acute lower respiratory infection in early life and recurrent wheeze and asthma in later childhood. J Infect Dis. 2020;222(Suppl 7):S628\u201333.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"4281_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12371","volume":"19","author":"D Gidaris","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gidaris D, Urquhart D, Anthracopoulos MB. \u2018they said it was bronchiolitis; is it going to turn into asthma doctor?\u2019 Respirology. 2014;19(8):1158\u201364.","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"issue":"10340","key":"4281_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00478-0","volume":"399","author":"Y Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li Y, Wang X, Blau DM, Caballero MT, Feikin DR, Gill CJ, et al. Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in children younger than 5 years in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2022;399(10340):2047\u201364.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"4281_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20644","volume":"42","author":"H Bisgaard","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bisgaard H, Szefler S. Prevalence of asthma-like symptoms in young children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007;42(8):723\u20138.","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4281_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-37132008001000003","volume":"34","author":"MN Chatkin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chatkin MN, Menezes AM, Macedo SE, Fiss E. Asthma and lung function in a birth cohort at 6-7 years of age in southern Brazil. J Bras Pneumol. 2008;34(10):764\u201371.","journal-title":"J Bras Pneumol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4281_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0192390","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192390","volume":"13","author":"H Ma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ma H, Li Y, Tang L, Peng X, Jiang L, Wan J, et al. Impact of childhood wheezing on lung function in adulthood: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2018;13(2):e0192390.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"4281_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200802-309OC","volume":"178","author":"DJ Jackson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jackson DJ, Gangnon RE, Evans MD, Roberg KA, Anderson EL, Pappas TE, et al. Wheezing rhinovirus illnesses in early life predict asthma development in high-risk children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;178(7):667\u201372.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"4281_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-007-0104-0","volume":"74","author":"K Zaman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zaman K, Takeuchi H, El Arifeen S, Chowdhury HR, Baqui AH, Wakai S, et al. Asthma in rural Bangladeshi children. Indian J Pediatr. 2007;74(6):539\u201343.","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"4281_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23343","volume":"51","author":"FS Dawood","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dawood FS, Fry AM, Goswami D, Sharmeen A, Nahar K, Anjali BA, et al. Incidence and characteristics of early childhood wheezing, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2004\u20132010. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51(6):588\u201395.","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4281_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3329\/bjch.v41i1.33629","volume":"41","author":"S Amin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Amin S, Kabir ARML. Risk factors of recurrent wheeze in infancy. Bangladesh J Child Health. 2017;41(1):9\u201314.","journal-title":"Bangladesh J Child Health"},{"key":"4281_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2015.11.009","volume":"110","author":"SL Burgess","year":"2016","unstructured":"Burgess SL, Lu M, Ma JZ, Naylor C, Donowitz JR, Kirkpatrick BD, et al. Inflammatory markers predict episodes of wheezing during the first year of life in Bangladesh. Respir Med. 2016;110:53\u20137.","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4281_CR28","first-page":"4236825","volume":"2019","author":"H Takeuchi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Takeuchi H, Khan MA, Zaman K, Takanashi S, Hasan SMT, Yunus M, et al. Classification of wheezing children in rural Bangladesh by intensity of Ascaris infection, total and specific IgE levels, history of pneumonia, and other risk factors. J Immunol Res. 2019;2019(1):4236825.","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"4281_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2011.00754.x","volume":"22","author":"EL Murray","year":"2012","unstructured":"Murray EL, Brondi L, Kleinbaum D, McGowan JE, Van Mels C, Brooks WA, et al. Cooking fuel type, household ventilation, and the risk of acute lower respiratory illness in urban Bangladeshi children: a longitudinal study. Indoor Air. 2012;22(2):132\u20139.","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"issue":"3","key":"4281_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181bc23fd","volume":"29","author":"WA Brooks","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brooks WA, Goswami D, Rahman M, Nahar K, Fry AM, Balish A, et al. Influenza is a major contributor to childhood pneumonia in a tropical developing country. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010;29(3):216\u201321.","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"#cr-split#-4281_CR31.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. World Health Organization (2000). Management of the child with a serious infection or severe malnutrition: guidelines for care at the first-referral level in developing countries. World Health Organization"},{"key":"#cr-split#-4281_CR31.2","unstructured":"2000. [Available from https:\/\/iris.who.int\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/3eae7496-1712-4968-80c8-f0415cd413e4\/content]. Accessed 18 Nov 2025."},{"issue":"3","key":"4281_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2013.03.016","volume":"57","author":"GA Weinberg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weinberg GA, Schnabel KC, Erdman DD, Prill MM, Iwane MK, Shelley LM, et al. Field evaluation of TaqMan Array Card (TAC) for the simultaneous detection of multiple respiratory viruses in children with acute respiratory infection. J Clin Virol. 2013;57(3):254\u201360.","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4281_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-009-0967-3","volume":"168","author":"M Cheraghi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cheraghi M, Salvi S. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and respiratory health in children. Eur J Pediatr. 2009;168(8):897\u2013905.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"4281_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2014-204783","volume":"69","author":"TF Mebrahtu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mebrahtu TF, Feltbower RG, Greenwood DC, Parslow RC. Birth weight and childhood wheezing disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2015;69(5):500\u20138.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"4281_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109851","volume":"188","author":"RE Arku","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arku RE, Brauer M, Duong M, Wei L, Hu B, Ah Tse L, et al. Adverse health impacts of cooking with kerosene: a multi-country analysis within the prospective urban and rural epidemiology study. Environ Res. 2020;188:109851.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"4281_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.88.3.224","volume":"88","author":"WH Oddy","year":"2003","unstructured":"Oddy WH, Sly PD, de Klerk NH, Landau LI, Kendall GE, Holt PG. Breast feeding and respiratory morbidity in infancy: a birth cohort study. Arch Dis Child. 2003;88(3):224\u20138.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"2","key":"4281_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00114514","volume":"46","author":"E Uphoff","year":"2015","unstructured":"Uphoff E, Cabieses B, Pinart M, Vald\u00e9s M, Ant\u00f3 JM, Wright J. A systematic review of socioeconomic position in relation to asthma and allergic diseases. Eur Respir J. 2015;46(2):364\u201374.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"1","key":"4281_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12349","volume":"45","author":"DP Strachan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Strachan DP, A\u00eft-Khaled N, Foliaki S, Mallol J, Odhiambo J, Pearce N, et al. Siblings, asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema: a worldwide perspective from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Clin Exp Allergy. 2015;45(1):126\u201336.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"4281_CR39","volume-title":"Injury prevention and environmental health","author":"KR Smith","year":"2017","unstructured":"Smith KR, Pillarisetti A. Household Air pollution from solid cookfuels and its effects on health. In: Mock CN, Nugent R, Kobusingye O, Smith KR, editors. Injury prevention and environmental health. Washington (DC): The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development \/ The World Bank \u00a9 2017 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development \/ The World Bank; 2017."},{"key":"4281_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-011-0151-6","author":"K Balakrishnan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Balakrishnan K, Ganguli B, Ghosh S, Sambandam S, Roy S, Chatterjee A. A spatially disaggregated time-series analysis of the short-term effects of particulate matter exposure on mortality in Chennai, India. Air Qual Atmos Health. 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11869-011-0151-6.","journal-title":"Air Qual Atmos Health"},{"key":"4281_CR41","unstructured":"World Health Organization. World Health Organization (2021). WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. World Health Organization; 2021. Available from: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/345329. Accessed 18 Nov 2025."},{"key":"4281_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S128319","volume":"10","author":"CE Rodr\u00edguez-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Mart\u00ednez CE, Sossa-Brice\u00f1o MP, Castro-Rodriguez JA. Factors predicting persistence of early wheezing through childhood and adolescence: a systematic review of the literature. J Asthma Allergy. 2017;10:83\u201398.","journal-title":"J Asthma Allergy"},{"issue":"4","key":"4281_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2010.08.004","volume":"30","author":"DJ Jackson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jackson DJ, Lemanske RF Jr. The role of respiratory virus infections in childhood asthma inception. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2010;30(4):513\u201322, vi.","journal-title":"Immunol Allergy Clin North Am"},{"issue":"10098","key":"4281_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30938-8","volume":"390","author":"T Shi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shi T, McAllister DA, O\u2019Brien KL, Simoes EAF, Madhi SA, Gessner BD, et al. Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in 2015: a systematic review and modelling study. Lancet. 2017;390(10098):946\u201358.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"4281_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.08.003","volume":"140","author":"T Jartti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jartti T, Gern JE. Role of viral infections in the development and exacerbation of asthma in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140(4):895\u2013906.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"147","key":"4281_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170133","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0133-2017","volume":"27","author":"P Le Sou\u00ebf","year":"2018","unstructured":"Le Sou\u00ebf P. Viral infections in wheezing disorders. Eur Respir Rev. 2018;27(147):170133.","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"4281_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2019.40.4255","volume":"40","author":"N Padem","year":"2019","unstructured":"Padem N, Glick Robison R. The infant and toddler with wheezing. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2019;40(6):393\u20135.","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc"},{"key":"4281_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2025.e02313","volume":"41","author":"PK Panda","year":"2025","unstructured":"Panda PK. Wrong diagnosis - wrong antimicrobials: rise in antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. IDCases. 2025;41:e02313.","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"issue":"2","key":"4281_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14020199","volume":"14","author":"F Chowdhury","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chowdhury F, Bhuiya S, Abdul Aleem M, Shuvo TA, Mamun GMS, Kumar Ghosh P, et al. Decade-long trends in antibiotic prescriptions according to WHO AWaRe classification among severe acute respiratory infection patients at tertiary hospitals in Bangladesh (2011\u20132020). Antibiotics. 2025;14(2):199.","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"4281_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10040393","author":"A Romandini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Romandini A, Pani A, Schenardi PA, Pattarino GAC, De Giacomo C, Scaglione F. Antibiotic resistance in pediatric infections: global emerging threats, predicting the near future. Antibiotics (Basel). 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics10040393.","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"4281_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.03.049","volume":"139","author":"FJ Rubner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rubner FJ, Jackson DJ, Evans MD, Gangnon RE, Tisler CJ, Pappas TE, et al. Early life rhinovirus wheezing, allergic sensitization, and asthma risk at adolescence. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;139(2):501\u20137.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4281_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.0370","volume":"173","author":"O Ramilo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ramilo O, Rodriguez-Fernandez R, Mejias A. Respiratory syncytial virus, rhinoviruses, and recurrent wheezing: unraveling the riddle opens new opportunities for targeted interventions. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173(6):520\u20131.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"4281_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.07.031","volume":"139","author":"HM Anderson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Anderson HM, Lemanske RF Jr, Evans MD, Gangnon RE, Pappas T, Grindle K, et al. Assessment of wheezing frequency and viral etiology on childhood and adolescent asthma risk. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;139(2):692\u20134.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4281_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201504-0749OC","volume":"193","author":"S Heinonen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heinonen S, Jartti T, Garcia C, Oliva S, Smitherman C, Anguiano E, et al. Rhinovirus detection in symptomatic and asymptomatic children: value of host transcriptome analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;193(7):772\u201382.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4281_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2010.05.007","volume":"48","author":"A Franz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Franz A, Adams O, Willems R, Bonzel L, Neuhausen N, Schweizer-Krantz S, et al. Correlation of viral load of respiratory pathogens and co-infections with disease severity in children hospitalized for lower respiratory tract infection. J Clin Virol. 2010;48(4):239\u201345.","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4281_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1316","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30251-5","volume":"8","author":"HJ Zar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zar HJ, Nduru P, Stadler JAM, Gray D, Barnett W, Lesosky M, et al. Early-life respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection in a South African birth cohort: epidemiology and effect on lung health. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;8(10):e1316\u201325.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"4281_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26128","volume":"57","author":"S Diggikar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Diggikar S, Paul A, Razak A, Chandrasekaran M, Swamy RS. Respiratory infections in children born preterm in low and middle-income countries:\u00a0a systematic review. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2022;57(12):2903\u201314.","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"issue":"33","key":"4281_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.06.036","volume":"38","author":"R Baral","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baral R, Li X, Willem L, Antillon M, Vilajeliu A, Jit M, et al. The impact of maternal RSV vaccine to protect infants in Gavi-supported countries: estimates from two models. Vaccine. 2020;38(33):5139\u201347.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"5","key":"4281_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e421","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(24)00043-0","volume":"5","author":"P Venkatesan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Venkatesan P. Advances in preventing RSV in children. Lancet Microbe. 2024;5(5):e421.","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"issue":"2","key":"4281_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2014-102472","volume":"72","author":"JY Choi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Choi JY, Baumgartner J, Harnden S, Alexander BH, Town RJ, D\u2019Souza G, et al. Increased risk of respiratory illness associated with kerosene fuel use among women and children in urban Bangalore, India. Occup Environ Med. 2015;72(2):114\u201322.","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4281_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1674-5","volume":"19","author":"N Ranathunga","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ranathunga N, Perera P, Nandasena S, Sathiakumar N, Kasturiratne A, Wickremasinghe R. Effect of household air pollution due to solid fuel combustion on childhood respiratory diseases in a semi urban population in Sri Lanka. BMC Pediatr. 2019;19(1):306.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"4281_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kakodia AK, Chobdar S, Awasthi S, Kant R. Chapter 15 - Kerosene: risk assessment, environmental and health hazard. In: Chawla M, Singh J, Kaushik RD, editors. Hazardous chemicals. Cambridge: Academic Press; 2025. p. 219\u201333.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-95235-4.00017-7"},{"key":"4281_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esposito S, Fainardi V, Titolo A, Lazzara A, Menzella M, Campana B, et al. How air pollution fuels respiratory infections in children: current insights. Front Public Health. 2025;13:1567206.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1567206"},{"issue":"1","key":"4281_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.05.006","volume":"148","author":"E Garcia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garcia E, Rice MB, Gold DR. Air pollution and lung function in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;148(1):1\u201314.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4281_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu002","volume":"179","author":"ES Gurley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gurley ES, Salje H, Homaira N, Ram PK, Haque R, Petri WA Jr, et al. Indoor exposure to particulate matter and age at first acute lower respiratory infection in a low-income urban community in Bangladesh. Am J Epidemiol. 2014;179(8):967\u201373.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4281_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201709-1883OC","volume":"198","author":"BD Horne","year":"2018","unstructured":"Horne BD, Joy EA, Hofmann MG, Gesteland PH, Cannon JB, Lefler JS, et al. Short-term elevation of fine particulate matter air pollution and acute lower respiratory infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;198(6):759\u201366.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"4281_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2013.04.004","volume":"89","author":"LSL Moraes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Moraes LSL, Takano OA, Mallol J, Sol\u00e9 D. Risk factors associated with wheezing in infants. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2013;89(6):559\u201366.","journal-title":"J Pediatr (Rio J)"},{"issue":"1","key":"4281_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13131","volume":"31","author":"A Mejias","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mejias A, Wu B, Tandon N, Chow W, Varma R, Franco E, et al. Risk of childhood wheeze and asthma after respiratory syncytial virus infection in full-term infants. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2020;31(1):47\u201356.","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"Supplement_1","key":"4281_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S55","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac141","volume":"226","author":"M van Wijhe","year":"2022","unstructured":"van Wijhe M, Johannesen CK, Simonsen L, J\u00f8rgensen IM, Investigators tR, Fischer TK. A retrospective cohort study on infant respiratory tract infection hospitalizations and recurrent wheeze and asthma risk: impact of respiratory syncytial virus. J Infect Dis. 2022;226(Supplement_1):S55\u201362.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["BMC Pulmonary Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12890-026-04281-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12890-026-04281-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12890-026-04281-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T05:03:44Z","timestamp":1779253424000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12890-026-04281-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4281"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12890-026-04281-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2466"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2466","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Institutional Review Board (IRB) of icddr,b approved the study protocol. The Institutional Review Board at the US CDC relied on icddr.b\u2019s approval. Parents\/caregivers of the enrolled children provided written informed consent to participate. All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments.Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. The study team provided comprehensive oral and written explanations in the local language (Bangla) regarding the research aims, objectives, potential risks and benefits, confidentiality, voluntary participation, the right to withdraw at any time, conflicts of interest, and compensation. Parents were reminded that their participation was entirely voluntary and that all information would remain confidential before they were asked to sign the consent form.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"237"}}