{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T22:06:57Z","timestamp":1783980417199,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Clinical Research Special Project of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission","award":["20224Y0260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20224Y0260"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pulm Med"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-026-04443-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T05:34:58Z","timestamp":1782711298000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Glycemic variability does not provide incremental prognostic value for in-hospital death in community-acquired pneumonia patients: conventional clinical variables dominate"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jiaojiao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiyu","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinggang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanchun","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"4443_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2021.01342","volume":"15","author":"L Shen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shen L, Wang L, Liu C, Shi S, Takahashi T, Wang T. Community-acquired pneumonia: Trends in and research on drug resistance and advances in new antibiotics. Biosci Trends. 2021;15(5):266\u201375.","journal-title":"Biosci Trends"},{"issue":"15","key":"4443_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.14796","volume":"332","author":"VM Vaughn","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vaughn VM, Dickson RP, Horowitz JK, Flanders SA. Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Review. JAMA. 2024;332(15):1282\u201395.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"4443_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12836","DOI":"10.34119\/bjhrv6n3-345","volume":"6","author":"AFM Vieira","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vieira AFM, Amorim BM, de Moraes IS, Teodoro CNAA, de Aquino IP, Maciel ER, et al. Pneumonia adquirida na comunidade: aspectos etiopatog\u00eanicos, m\u00e9todos diagn\u00f3sticos e condutas terap\u00eauticas. Brazilian J Health Rev. 2023;6(3):12836\u201348.","journal-title":"Brazilian J Health Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"4443_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2719","DOI":"10.5867\/medwave.2023.11.2719","volume":"23","author":"ESPG Oliveira","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oliveira ESPG, Cerqueira Batista Filho LA, Ismael PF, Victoria VES, Alexandre TM, Larissa SM. Community-acquired pneumonia: Epidemiology, diagnosis, prognostic severity scales, and new therapeutic options. Medwave. 2023;23(11):e2719.","journal-title":"Medwave"},{"issue":"4","key":"4443_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_261_20","volume":"152","author":"A Mohan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mohan A, Bhargav KM. Predicting outcomes in patients with community-acquired pneumonia using weighted track & trigger early warning systems: Lessons learnt & insights for future use. Indian J Med Res. 2020;152(4):332\u20134.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"4443_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-021-02945-5","volume":"35","author":"K Nam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nam K, Lee S. The indicators of glucose variability. J Anesth. 2021;35(4):600\u20131.","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"issue":"6","key":"4443_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0325006","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0325006","volume":"20","author":"S Tang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tang S, Zhang Z, Cheng Y, Zhang L, Wang Q, Wang C. Glycemic variability and mortality in patients with aortic diseases: A multicenter retrospective cohort study. PLoS ONE. 2025;20(6):e0325006.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"4443_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5945","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56564-7","volume":"14","author":"Y Guo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guo Y, Qiu Y, Xue T, Zhou Y, Yan P, Liu S, et al. Association between glycemic variability and short-term mortality in patients with acute kidney injury: a retrospective cohort study of the MIMIC-IV database. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):5945.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4443_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou H, Guo Z, Wang X, Han L, Wang H, Chen B. Association of Glycemic Variability with Mortality among Septic Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: A Multicenter Cohort Study. J Intensive Care Med. 2025;41(7):591\u20139.","DOI":"10.1177\/08850666251384922"},{"issue":"4","key":"4443_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0300323","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0300323","volume":"19","author":"J Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen J, Huang W, Liang N. Blood glucose fluctuation and in-hospital mortality among patients with acute myocardial infarction: eICU collaborative research database. PLoS ONE. 2024;19(4):e0300323.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"4443_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-025-01676-x","volume":"17","author":"H Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang H, Wang H, Jiang Y. Exploring the impact of glycemic variability on clinical outcomes in critically ill cerebral infarction patients. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2025;17(1):100.","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"4443_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun S, Sun Z, Huang Q, Sun J. High glucose fluctuation levels modulate monocyte cytokine expression via oxidative stress mechanism. Sci Rep. 2026;16(1):11714.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-46915-x"},{"key":"4443_CR13","unstructured":"Chasmar MS. Relationship between abnormal maternal inflammation and insulin resistance during pregnancy 2015."},{"issue":"7","key":"4443_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2011.85","volume":"21","author":"M B\u00f6ni-Schnetzler","year":"2011","unstructured":"B\u00f6ni-Schnetzler M, Donath MY. Increased IL-1\u03b2 activation, the culprit not only for defective insulin secretion but also for insulin resistance? Cell Res. 2011;21(7):995\u20137.","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"4443_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907992","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.907992","volume":"9","author":"L Raia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Raia L, Zafrani L. Endothelial Activation and Microcirculatory Disorders in Sepsis. Front Med. 2022;9:907992.","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"4443_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903426","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.903426","volume":"10","author":"Z Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu Z, Guo K, Chu W, Lou J, Chen C. Performance of Machine Learning Algorithms for Predicting Adverse Outcomes in Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022;10:903426.","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4443_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.07.005","volume":"163","author":"C Cilloniz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cilloniz C, Ward L, Mogensen ML, Peric\u00e0s JM, M\u00e9ndez R, Gabarr\u00fas A, et al. Machine-Learning Model for Mortality Prediction in Patients With Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Development and Validation Study. Chest. 2023;163(1):77\u201388.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"3","key":"4443_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2022.2110769","volume":"135","author":"C Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu C, Liu H, Zhang H, Zeng J, Li Q, Yi Y, et al. Predictive value of arterial blood lactate to serum albumin ratio for in-hospital mortality of patients with community-acquired pneumonia admitted to the Intensive Care Unit. Postgrad Med. 2023;135(3):273\u201382.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"4443_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546164","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1546164","volume":"16","author":"Y Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu Y, Fu H, Wang Y, Sun J, Zhang R, Zhong Y, et al. U-shaped association between the glycemic variability and prognosis in hemorrhagic stroke patients: a retrospective cohort study from the MIMIC-IV database. Front Endocrinol. 2025;16:1546164.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"18","key":"4443_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4434","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14184434","volume":"14","author":"N Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang N, Chen M, Yang F, Yang C, Yang P, Gao Y, et al. Forest Height Mapping Using Feature Selection and Machine Learning by Integrating Multi-Source Satellite Data in Baoding City, North China. Remote Sens. 2022;14(18):4434.","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"4443_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604832","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1604832","volume":"13","author":"Z Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang Z, Gong D, Tang C, Wang J, Zhang C, Dang K, et al. A risk prediction model for neovascular glaucoma secondary to proliferative diabetic retinopathy based on Boruta feature selection and random forest. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2025;13:1604832.","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"4443_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575844","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1575844","volume":"15","author":"G Du","year":"2025","unstructured":"Du G, Lv H, Liang Y, Zhang J, Huang Q, Xie G, et al. Population-based colorectal cancer risk prediction using a SHAP-enhanced LightGBM model. Front Oncol. 2025;15:1575844.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4443_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-025-03698-7","volume":"25","author":"P Hanc\u0131","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hanc\u0131 P, Temel E, Bilir F, Kaya BS. Lactate to albumin ratio as a determinant of intensive care unit admission and mortality in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia. BMC Pulm Med. 2025;25(1):224.","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"4443_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.04.020","volume":"84","author":"N Asai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Asai N, Watanabe H, Shiota A, Kato H, Sakanashi D, Hagihara M, et al. Efficacy and accuracy of qSOFA and SOFA scores as prognostic tools for community-acquired and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Int J Infect Dis. 2019;84:89\u201396.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4443_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-023-02632-z","volume":"23","author":"B Chongthanadon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chongthanadon B, Thirawattanasoot N, Ruangsomboon O. Clinical factors associated with in-hospital mortality in elderly versus non-elderly pneumonia patients in the emergency department. BMC Pulm Med. 2023;23(1):330.","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"4443_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1512288","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1512288","volume":"12","author":"S Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li S, Li L, Wang S, Wu H. Clinical characteristics and risk factors of hospital mortality in elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Front Med. 2025;12:1512288.","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4443_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-03659-3","volume":"22","author":"A Okada","year":"2022","unstructured":"Okada A, Yamaguchi S, Jo T, Yokota I, Ono S, Ikeda Kurakawa K, et al. Impact of body mass index on in-hospital mortality in older patients hospitalized for bacterial pneumonia with non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease. BMC Geriatr. 2022;22(1):950.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"}],"container-title":["BMC Pulmonary Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12890-026-04443-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12890-026-04443-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12890-026-04443-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T22:02:16Z","timestamp":1783980136000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12890-026-04443-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4443"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12890-026-04443-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2466"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2466","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study complies with the ethical principles set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki. MIMIC database: The collection of patient information in the MIMIC-IV database has been reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, who granted a waiver of informed consent and approved the data sharing initiative. e-ICU database: The study is exempt from institutional review board approval due to the retrospective design, lack of direct patient intervention, and the security schema, for which the re-identification risk was certified as meeting safe harbor standards by an independent privacy expert (Privacert, Cambridge, MA) (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Certification no. 1031219-2).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"314"}}