{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:18:20Z","timestamp":1772165900485,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]],"date-time":"2020-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585612800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]],"date-time":"2020-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Musculoskelet Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Scoliosis is a spine abnormal deviation, which is an idiopathic disorder among children and adolescents. As a matter of the fact, distribution of loads on the patient\u2019s spine and load-carrying capacity of the vertebral column are both random variables. Therefore, the probabilistic approach may consider as a sophisticated method to deal with this problem.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reliability analysis is a probabilistic-based approach to consider the uncertainties of load and resistance of the vertebral column. The main contribution of this paper is to compare the reliability level of a normal and scoliosis spinal. To do so, the numerical analyses associated with the inherent random parameters of bones and applied load are performed. Then, the reliability indices for all vertebrae and discs are determined. Accordingly, as the main innovation of this paper, the system reliability indices of the spinal column for both normal and damaged backbone systems are represented.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on the required reliability index for normal spinal curvature the target system reliability level for scoliosis disorder is proposed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Since the proposed target reliability index is based on the strength limit state of the vertebral column, it can be considered as a reliability level for any proposed treatment approaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-020-03230-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]],"date-time":"2020-03-31T10:03:01Z","timestamp":1585648981000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["System reliability analysis of the scoliosis disorder"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Nouri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. Hooman","family":"Ghasemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji Yun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"3230_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams MA. Intervertebral disc tissues. Mechanical properties of aging soft tissues: Springer; 2015. p. 7\u201335. https:\/\/www.springer.com\/gp\/book\/9783319039695.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-03970-1_2"},{"key":"3230_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.04.026","volume":"70","author":"F Azari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Azari F, Arjmand N, Shirazi-Adl A, Rahimi-Moghaddam T. A combined passive and active musculoskeletal model study to estimate L4-L5 load sharing. J Biomech. 2018;70:157\u201365.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"8","key":"3230_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1999.14.8.1394","volume":"14","author":"EN Ebbesen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ebbesen EN, Thomsen JS, Beck-Nielsen H, Nepper-Rasmussen HJ, Mosekilde L. Age-and gender-related differences in vertebralbone mass, density, and strength. J Bone Miner Res. 1999;14(8):1394\u2013403.","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"sup100","key":"3230_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/ort.1967.38.suppl-100.01","volume":"38","author":"JO Galante","year":"1967","unstructured":"Galante JO. Tensile properties of the human lumbar annulus fibrosus. Acta Orthop Scand. 1967;38(sup100):1\u201391.","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"key":"3230_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1504\/IJRS.2016.078381","volume":"10","author":"SH Ghasemi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ghasemi SH, Nowak AS. Mean maximum values of non-normal distributions for different time periods. Int J Reliab Saf. 2016a;10:2.","journal-title":"Int J Reliab Saf"},{"issue":"2","key":"3230_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.2749\/101686616X14555428758849","volume":"26","author":"SH Ghasemi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ghasemi SH, Nowak AS. Statistical parameters of in-A-lane multiple truck presence and a new procedure to analyze the lifetime of bridges. J Struct Eng Int. 2016b;26(2):150\u20139 Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering IABSE.","journal-title":"J Struct Eng Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"3230_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.12989\/sem.2017.62.3.365","volume":"62","author":"SH Ghasemi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ghasemi SH, Nowak AS. Reliability index for non-normal distributions of limit state functions. Struct Eng Mech. 2017a;62(3):365\u201372.","journal-title":"Struct Eng Mech"},{"key":"3230_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2017.09.012","volume":"152","author":"SH Ghasemi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ghasemi SH, Nowak AS. Target reliability for bridges with consideration of ultimate limit state. Eng Struct. 2017b;152:226\u201337.","journal-title":"Eng Struct"},{"issue":"3","key":"3230_CR9","first-page":"879","volume":"15","author":"SH Ghasemi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ghasemi SH, Nowak AS. Reliability analysis of circular tunnels with consideration of the strength limit state. Geomech Eng. 2018;15(3):879\u201388.","journal-title":"Geomech Eng"},{"key":"3230_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.01.076","volume":"99","author":"SH Ghasemi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ghasemi SH, Kalantari H, Abdolahikho S, Nowak AS. Fatigue reliability analysis of medial tibial stress syndrome. Mater Sci Eng C. 2019;99:387\u201393.","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng C"},{"key":"3230_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.20311","volume-title":"Anatomy of the human body","author":"H Gray","year":"1918","unstructured":"Gray H. Anatomy of the human body. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1918. https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/54\/Gray_111_-_Vertebral_column-coloured.png."},{"issue":"2","key":"3230_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2007.08.024","volume":"23","author":"B Helgason","year":"2008","unstructured":"Helgason B, Perilli E, Schileo E, Taddei F, Brynjolfsson S, Viceconti M. Mathematical relationships between bone density and mechanical properties: a literature review. Clin Biomech. 2008;23(2):135\u201346.","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"key":"3230_CR13","volume-title":"Proceeding of the 41st annual meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, 1995","author":"J Iatridis","year":"1995","unstructured":"Iatridis J. Mechanical behavior of the human nucleus pulpous in shear. In: Proceeding of the 41st annual meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, 1995; 1995."},{"issue":"10","key":"3230_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199605150-00009","volume":"21","author":"JCM Iatridis","year":"1996","unstructured":"Iatridis JCM, Weidenbaum M, Setton LA, Mow V. Is the nucleus pulposus a solid or a fluid? Mechanical behaviors of the nucleus pulposus of the human intervertebral disc. Spine. 1996;21(10):1174\u201384.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"7","key":"3230_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(98)00057-8","volume":"31","author":"DL Kopperdahl","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kopperdahl DL, Keaveny TM. Yield strain behavior of trabecular bone. J Biomech. 1998;31(7):601\u20138.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"11","key":"3230_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820281111","volume":"28","author":"JH Keyak","year":"1994","unstructured":"Keyak JH, Lee IY, Skinner HB. Correlations between orthogonal mechanical properties and density of trabecular bone: use of different densitometric measures. J Biomed Mater Res. 1994;28(11):1329\u201336.","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3230_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-7161-8-17","volume":"8","author":"H Labelle","year":"2013","unstructured":"Labelle H, et al. Screening for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: an information statement by the scoliosis research society international task force. Scoliosis. 2013;8(1):17.","journal-title":"Scoliosis"},{"issue":"5","key":"3230_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.139.5.963","volume":"139","author":"D Larde","year":"1982","unstructured":"Larde D, Mathieu D, Frija J, Gaston A, VasileN. Vertebral osteomyelitis: disc hypodensity on CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1982;139(5):963\u20137.","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3230_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-7161-8-9","volume":"8","author":"JP Little","year":"2013","unstructured":"Little JP, Izatt MT, Labrom RD, Askin GN, Adam CJ. An FE investigation simulating intra-operative corrective forces applied to correct scoliosis deformity. Scoliosis. 2013;8(1):9.","journal-title":"Scoliosis"},{"issue":"2","key":"3230_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(87)90074-3","volume":"8","author":"L Mosekilde","year":"1987","unstructured":"Mosekilde L, Mosekilde L, Danieisen CC. Biomechanical competence of vertebral trabecular bone in relation to ash density and age in normal individuals. Bone. 1987;8(2):79\u201385.","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"3230_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abreu E, Mow VC, Huiskes R. Basic Orthopaedic Biomechanics and Mechano-Biology. BioMed Eng OnLine. 2005;4(28). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-925X-4-28.","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-4-28"},{"issue":"4","key":"3230_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2011.06.035","volume":"49","author":"C \u00d6hman","year":"2011","unstructured":"\u00d6hman C, et al. Compressive behaviour of child and adult cortical bone. Bone. 2011;49(4):769\u201376.","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"3230_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4172\/2471-8416.100014","volume":"2","author":"S Patel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Patel S, Lee J, Hecht G, Holcombe S, Wang S, Goulet J. Normative vertebral Hounsfield unit values and correlation with bone mineral density. J Clin Exp Orthop. 2016;2:14.","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Orthop"},{"issue":"4","key":"3230_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181b0ef26","volume":"35","author":"P Pollintine","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pollintine P, Tunen M, Luo J, Brown MD, Dolan P, Adams MA. Time-dependent compressive deformation of the ageing spine: relevance to spinal stenosis. Spine. 2010;35(4):386\u201394.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"1","key":"3230_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02058659","volume":"3","author":"SD Rockoff","year":"1969","unstructured":"Rockoff SD, Sweet E, Bleustein J. The relative contribution of trabecular and cortical bone to the strength of human lumbar vertebrae. Calcif Tissue Res. 1969;3(1):163\u201375.","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"3230_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2012.01.004","volume":"27","author":"R Salmingo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Salmingo R, Tadano S, Fujisaki K, Abe Y, Ito M. Corrective force analysis for scoliosis from implant rod deformation. Clin Biomech. 2012;27(6):545\u201350.","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"issue":"19","key":"3230_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1159","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000467","volume":"39","author":"TP Schl\u00f6sser","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schl\u00f6sser TP, et al. Three-dimensional characterization of torsion and asymmetry of the intervertebral discs versus vertebral bodies in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 2014;39(19):E1159\u201366.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"1","key":"3230_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-7161-6-11","volume":"6","author":"L Shi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shi L, et al. Biomechanical analysis and modeling of different vertebral growth patterns in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and healthy subjects. Scoliosis. 2011;6(1):11.","journal-title":"Scoliosis"},{"issue":"12","key":"3230_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199406000-00002","volume":"19","author":"D Skaggs","year":"1994","unstructured":"Skaggs D, Weidenbaum M, Iatridis JCA, Ratcliffe A, Mow VC. Regional variation in tensile properties and biochemical composition of the human lumbar annulus fibrosus. Spine. 1994;19(12):1310\u20139.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"5","key":"3230_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100070511","volume":"7","author":"IA Stokes","year":"1989","unstructured":"Stokes IA. Axial rotation component of thoracic scoliosis. J Orthop Res. 1989;7(5):702\u20138.","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"3230_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-007-0442-7","volume":"16","author":"IAF Stokes","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stokes IAF. Analysis and simulation of progressive adolescent scoliosis by biomechanical growth modulation. Eur Spine J. 2007;16(10):1621\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"3","key":"3230_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200002010-00009","volume":"25","author":"JL Wang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wang JL, Parnianpour M, Shirazi-Adl A, and. Engin A. Viscoelastic finite-element analysis of a lumbar motion segment in combined compression and sagittal flexion: effect of loading rate. Spine. 2000;25(3):310\u20138.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"3230_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01808686","volume":"78","author":"E Wintermantel","year":"1985","unstructured":"Wintermantel E, Emde H, Loew F. Intradiscal collagenase for treatment of lumbar disc herniations. Acta Neurochir. 1985;78(3\u20134):98\u2013104.","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"}],"container-title":["BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12891-020-03230-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12891-020-03230-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12891-020-03230-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]],"date-time":"2021-03-30T19:11:59Z","timestamp":1617131519000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12891-020-03230-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3230"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-020-03230-4","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.15444\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2474"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2474","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 December 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 March 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"199"}}