{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T14:37:54Z","timestamp":1794407874853,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]],"date-time":"2020-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590710400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]],"date-time":"2020-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Musculoskelet Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pressure ulcers (PU), one of the common challenging public health problems affecting patient with spinal cord injury. PUs occurs over bony areas of the body where pressure and tissue distortion is greatest. It has a significant impact to the patient and health care system. Moreover, it has psychological, physical, social burden and decrease the quality of life (QoL) of patients. Despite its serious complications, limited evidence is available on the global magnitude of pressure ulcers among patient with spinal cord injury. Hence, this review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the global magnitude of pressure ulcers among patient with spinal cord injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, African Journals Online, PsycINFO, and Web of Science were systematically searched to retrieve related articles. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guideline was followed. DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model was applied to obtain the pooled effect size. To investigate heterogeneity across the included studies, I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      test was employed. Publication bias was examined using funnel plot and Egger\u2019s regression test statistic. Sensitivity analysis was deployed to see the effect of a single study on the overall estimation. Analysis was done using STATA\u2122 Version 14 software.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 24 studies which comprises of 600,078 participants were included in this study. The global pooled magnitude of pressure ulcers among patients with spinal cord injury was 32.36% (95% CI (28.21, 36.51%)). Based on the subgroup analysis, the highest magnitude of pressure ulcer was observed in Africa 41.19% (95% CI: 31.70, 52.18).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that about one in three patients with spinal cord injury had pressure ulcers. This implies that the overall global magnitude of pressure ulcer is relatively high. Therefore, policy maker and other concerned body should be design country context- specific preventive strategies to reduce the burden of pressure ulcers in patients with spinal cord injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-020-03369-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]],"date-time":"2020-05-29T12:03:52Z","timestamp":1590753832000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":124,"title":["The global burden of pressure ulcers among patients with spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Wondimeneh Shibabaw","family":"Shiferaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadesse Yirga","family":"Akalu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henok","family":"Mulugeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yared Asmare","family":"Aynalem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"3369_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.10.025","volume":"86","author":"Y Jang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jang Y, Wang Y-H, Wang J-D. Return to work after spinal cord injury in Taiwan: the contribution of functional independence. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(4):681\u20136.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"3369_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-200109000-00002","volume":"24","author":"RJ Dumont","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dumont RJ, Okonkwo DO, Verma S, Hurlbert RJ, Boulos PT, Ellegala DB, Dumont AS. Acute spinal cord injury, part I: pathophysiologic mechanisms. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2001;24(5):254\u201364.","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"20","key":"3369_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2892","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4934","volume":"34","author":"BA White","year":"2017","unstructured":"White BA, Dea N, Street JT, Cheng CL, Rivers CS, Attabib N, Kwon BK, Fisher CG, Dvorak MF. The economic burden of urinary tract infection and pressure ulceration in acute traumatic spinal cord injury admissions: evidence for comparative economics and decision analytics from a matched case-control study. J Neurotrauma. 2017;34(20):2892\u2013900.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"6","key":"3369_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2009.158","volume":"48","author":"V Rahimi-Movaghar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rahimi-Movaghar V, Moradi-Lakeh M, Rasouli MR, Vaccaro AR. Burden of spinal cord injury in Tehran, Iran. Spinal Cord. 2010;48(6):492.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"5","key":"3369_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-014-3424-6","volume":"24","author":"SB Jazayeri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jazayeri SB, Beygi S, Shokraneh F, Hagen EM, Rahimi-Movaghar V. Incidence of traumatic spinal cord injury worldwide: a systematic review. Eur Spine J. 2015;24(5):905\u201318.","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"11","key":"3369_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2016.53","volume":"54","author":"C Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li C, DiPiro N, Cao Y, Szlachcic Y, Krause J. The association between metabolic syndrome and pressure ulcers among individuals living with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2016;54(11):967.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"2","key":"3369_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2011.00877.x","volume":"9","author":"AO Iyun","year":"2012","unstructured":"Iyun AO, Malomo AO, Oluwatosin OM, Ademola SA, Shokunbi MT. Pattern of presentation of pressure ulcers in traumatic spinal cord injured patients in university college hospital, Ibadan. Int Wound J. 2012;9(2):206\u201313.","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"issue":"2","key":"3369_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2012.112","volume":"51","author":"A Mathew","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mathew A, Samuelkamaleshkumar S, Radhika S, Elango A. Engagement in occupational activities and pressure ulcer development in rehabilitated south Indian persons with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2013;51(2):150.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"6","key":"3369_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772313Y.0000000093","volume":"36","author":"EA Kruger","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kruger EA, Pires M, Ngann Y, Sterling M, Rubayi S. Comprehensive management of pressure ulcers in spinal cord injury: current concepts and future trends. J Spinal Cord Med. 2013;36(6):572\u201385.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"3369_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASW.0000269314.23015.e9","volume":"20","author":"J Black","year":"2007","unstructured":"Black J, Baharestani MM, Cuddigan J, Dorner B, Edsberg L, Langemo D, Posthauer ME, Ratliff C, Taler G. National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel's updated pressure ulcer staging system. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2007;20(5):269\u201374.","journal-title":"Adv Skin Wound Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"3369_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6901290020p6901","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2015.012021","volume":"69","author":"S Ghaisas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ghaisas S, Pyatak EA, Blanche E, Blanchard J, Clark F. Lifestyle changes and pressure ulcer prevention in adults with spinal cord injury in the pressure ulcer prevention study lifestyle intervention. Am J Occup Ther. 2015;69(1):6901290020p6901290021\u201310.","journal-title":"Am J Occup Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"3369_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2009.02307.x","volume":"57","author":"C Gorecki","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gorecki C, Brown JM, Nelson EA, Briggs M, Schoonhoven L, Dealey C, Defloor T, Nixon J, group EQoLPUP. Impact of pressure ulcers on quality of life in older patients: a systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57(7):1175\u201383.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"12","key":"3369_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.08.003","volume":"95","author":"D Lala","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lala D, Dumont FS, Leblond J, Houghton PE, Noreau L. Impact of pressure ulcers on individuals living with a spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95(12):2312\u20139.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"11","key":"3369_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2011.05.024","volume":"92","author":"JS Krause","year":"2011","unstructured":"Krause JS, Saunders LL. Health, secondary conditions, and life expectancy after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92(11):1770\u20135.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"10","key":"3369_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.04.020","volume":"90","author":"JS Krause","year":"2009","unstructured":"Krause JS, Zhai Y, Saunders LL, Carter RE. Risk of mortality after spinal cord injury: an 8-year prospective study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90(10):1708\u201315.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"6","key":"3369_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cky084","volume":"28","author":"M Le Fort","year":"2018","unstructured":"Le Fort M, Espagnacq M, Albert T, Lef\u00e8vre C, Perrouin-Verbe B, Ravaud J-F. Risk of pressure ulcers in tetraplegic people: a French survey crossing regional experience with a long-term follow-up. Eur J Pub Health. 2018;28(6):993\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Pub Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"3369_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2012.01002.x","volume":"10","author":"BC Chan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chan BC, Nanwa N, Mittmann N, Bryant D, Coyte PC, Houghton PE. The average cost of pressure ulcer management in a community dwelling spinal cord injury population. Int Wound J. 2013;10(4):431\u201340.","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"issue":"9","key":"3369_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2015.239","volume":"54","author":"H Van der Wielen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Van der Wielen H, Post M, Lay V, Gl\u00e4sche K, Scheel-Sailer A. Hospital-acquired pressure ulcers in spinal cord injured patients: time to occur, time until closure and risk factors. Spinal Cord. 2016;54(9):726.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"1","key":"3369_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2014.179","volume":"53","author":"E Zakrasek","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zakrasek E, Creasey G, Crew J. Pressure ulcers in people with spinal cord injury in developing nations. Spinal Cord. 2015;53(1):7.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"12","key":"3369_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2012.75","volume":"50","author":"V Eslami","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eslami V, Saadat S, Arejan RH, Vaccaro A, Ghodsi S, Rahimi-Movaghar V. Factors associated with the development of pressure ulcers after spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2012;50(12):899.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"6","key":"3369_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.12.023","volume":"86","author":"Y Chen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chen Y, DeVivo MJ, Jackson AB. Pressure ulcer prevalence in people with spinal cord injury: age-period-duration effects. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(6):1208\u201313.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"3369_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2010.175","volume":"49","author":"O Idowu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Idowu O, Yinusa W, Gbadegesin S, Adebule G. Risk factors for pressure ulceration in a resource constrained spinal injury service. Spinal Cord. 2011;49(5):643.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"1","key":"3369_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2010.66","volume":"49","author":"J Verschueren","year":"2011","unstructured":"Verschueren J, Post M, De Groot S, Van der Woude L, Van Asbeck F, Rol M. Occurrence and predictors of pressure ulcers during primary in-patient spinal cord injury rehabilitation. Spinal Cord. 2011;49(1):106.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"7","key":"3369_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2015.189","volume":"54","author":"C Joseph","year":"2016","unstructured":"Joseph C, Wikmar LN. Prevalence of secondary medical complications and risk factors for pressure ulcers after traumatic spinal cord injury during acute care in South Africa. Spinal Cord. 2016;54(7):535.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"12","key":"3369_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101914","volume":"44","author":"G Correa","year":"2006","unstructured":"Correa G, Fuentes M, Gonzalez X, Cumsille F, Pineros J, Finkelstein J. Predictive factors for pressure ulcers in the ambulatory stage of spinal cord injury patients. Spinal Cord. 2006;44(12):734.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"1","key":"3369_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.18050","volume":"82","author":"JS Krause","year":"2001","unstructured":"Krause JS, Vines CL, Farley TL, Sniezek J, Coker J. An exploratory study of pressure ulcers after spinal cord injury: relationship to protective behaviors and risk factors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;82(1):107\u201313.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"3369_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2014.08.027","volume":"83","author":"LJ Gould","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gould LJ, Olney CM, Nichols JS, Block AR, Simon RM, Guihan M. Spinal cord injury survey to determine pressure ulcer vulnerability in the outpatient population. Med Hypotheses. 2014;83(5):552\u20138.","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"3369_CR28","first-page":"56","volume":"56","author":"FS Fazel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fazel FS, Derakhshanrad N, Yekaninejad MS, Vosoughi F, Derakhshanrad A, Saberi H. Predictive value of Braden risk factors in pressure ulcers of outpatients with spinal cord injury. Acta Medica Iranica. 2018;56:56\u201361.","journal-title":"Acta Medica Iranica"},{"issue":"1","key":"3369_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2006.03794.x","volume":"54","author":"PL Pancorbo-Hidalgo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pancorbo-Hidalgo PL, et al. Risk assessment scales for pressure ulcer prevention: a systematic review. J Adv Nurs. 2006;54(1):94\u2013110.","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"3369_CR30","volume-title":"Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE): Quality-assessed Reviews","author":"ML McPheeters","year":"2012","unstructured":"McPheeters ML, Kripalani S, Peterson NB, Idowu RT, Jerome RN, Potter SA, Andrews JC. Quality improvement interventions to address health disparities: closing the quality gap-revisiting the state of the science. In: Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE): Quality-assessed Reviews. UK: Centre for Reviews and Dissemination; 2012."},{"issue":"1","key":"3369_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0147601","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147601","volume":"11","author":"PA Modesti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Modesti PA, Reboldi G, Cappuccio FP, Agyemang C, Remuzzi G, Rapi S, Perruolo E, Parati G, Settings EWGoCRiLR. Panethnic differences in blood pressure in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0147601.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"3369_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.11.014","volume":"65","author":"D Hoy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hoy D, Brooks P, Woolf A, Blyth F, March L, Bain C, Baker P, Smith E, Buchbinder R. Assessing risk of bias in prevalence studies: modification of an existing tool and evidence of interrater agreement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2012;65(9):934\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"3369_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470743386","volume-title":"Introduction to meta-analysis.","author":"M Borenstein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Borenstein M, Hedges L, Higgins J, Rothstein H. Introduction to meta-analysis. Chichester: Wiley; 2009."},{"key":"3369_CR34","unstructured":"Egger M, Davey-Smith G, Altman D. Systematic reviews in health care: meta-analysis in context: Wiley; 2008."},{"issue":"5","key":"3369_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2971","volume":"27","author":"G R\u00fccker","year":"2008","unstructured":"R\u00fccker G, Schwarzer G, Carpenter J. Arcsine test for publication bias in meta-analyses with binary outcomes. Stat Med. 2008;27(5):746\u201363.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"3369_CR36","volume-title":"Stata statistical software (version release 14)","author":"L StataCorp","year":"2015","unstructured":"StataCorp L. Stata statistical software (version release 14). College Station: Author; 2015."},{"issue":"7","key":"3369_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000100","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000100","volume":"6","author":"A Liberati","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, G\u00f8tzsche PC, Ioannidis JP, Clarke M, Devereaux PJ, Kleijnen J, Moher D. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000100.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3369_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2017.96","volume":"56","author":"D Brienza","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brienza D, Krishnan S, Karg P, Sowa G, Allegretti A. Predictors of pressure ulcer incidence following traumatic spinal cord injury: a secondary analysis of a prospective longitudinal study. Spinal Cord. 2018;56(1):28.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"11","key":"3369_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000117","volume":"93","author":"G DeJong","year":"2014","unstructured":"DeJong G, Hsieh C-HJ, Brown P, Smout RJ, Horn SD, Ballard P, Bouchard T. Factors associated with pressure ulcer risk in spinal cord injury rehabilitation. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;93(11):971\u201386.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"3369_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1053\/mr.2000.3889","volume":"81","author":"SL Garber","year":"2000","unstructured":"Garber SL, Rintala DH, Hart KA, Fuhrer MJ. Pressure ulcer risk in spinal cord injury: predictors of ulcer status over 3 years. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81(4):465\u201371.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"3369_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2016.1180099","volume":"40","author":"S Krishnan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krishnan S, Karg PE, Boninger ML, Brienza DM. Association between presence of pneumonia and pressure ulcer formation following traumatic spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2017;40(4):415\u201322.","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3369_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000381","volume":"95","author":"A Richard-Denis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Richard-Denis A, Thompson C, Bourassa-Moreau \u00c9, Parent S, Mac-Thiong J-M. Does the acute care spinal cord injury setting predict the occurrence of pressure ulcers at arrival to intensive rehabilitation centers? Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2016;95(4):300\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"6","key":"3369_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.02.004","volume":"93","author":"LL Saunders","year":"2012","unstructured":"Saunders LL, Krause JS, Acuna J. Association of race, socioeconomic status, and health care access with pressure ulcers after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93(6):972\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"3369_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2702.2002.00603.x","volume":"11","author":"D Ash","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ash D. An exploration of the occurrence of pressure ulcers in a British spinal injuries unit. J Clin Nurs. 2002;11(4):470\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"issue":"5","key":"3369_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0067","volume":"39","author":"JA Haisma","year":"2007","unstructured":"Haisma JA, Van Der Woude LH, Stam HJ, Bergen MP, Sluis TA, Post MW, Bussmann JB. Complications following spinal cord injury: occurrence and risk factors in a longitudinal study during and after inpatient rehabilitation. J Rehabil Med. 2007;39(5):393\u20138.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"3369_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215503cr692oa","volume":"17","author":"P Raghavan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Raghavan P, Raza W, Ahmed Y, Chamberlain M. Prevalence of pressure sores in a community sample of spinal injury patients. Clin Rehabil. 2003;17(8):879\u201384.","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"issue":"11","key":"3369_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2013.91","volume":"51","author":"A Scheel-Sailer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Scheel-Sailer A, Wyss A, Boldt C, Post M, Lay V. Prevalence, location, grade of pressure ulcers and association with specific patient characteristics in adult spinal cord injury patients during the hospital stay: a prospective cohort study. Spinal Cord. 2013;51(11):828.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"3","key":"3369_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2005.14.3.26750","volume":"14","author":"F Sheerin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sheerin F, Gillick A, Doyle B. Pressure ulcers and spinal-cord injury: incidence among admissions to the Irish national specialist unit. J Wound Care. 2005;14(3):112\u20135.","journal-title":"J Wound Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"3369_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2015.77","volume":"53","author":"A Kovindha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kovindha A, Kammuang-Lue P, Prakongsai P, Wongphan T. Prevalence of pressure ulcers in Thai wheelchair users with chronic spinal cord injuries. Spinal Cord. 2015;53(10):767.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"2","key":"3369_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3102086","volume":"46","author":"E Tchvaloon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tchvaloon E, Front L, Gelernter I, Ronen J, Bluvshtein V, Catz A. Survival, neurological recovery and morbidity after spinal cord injuries following road accidents in Israel. Spinal Cord. 2008;46(2):145.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"4","key":"3369_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.5.SPINE08896","volume":"11","author":"KD Taghipoor","year":"2009","unstructured":"Taghipoor KD, Arejan RH, Rasouli MR, Saadat S, Moghadam M, Vaccaro AR, Rahimi-Movaghar V. Factors associated with pressure ulcers in patients with complete or sensory-only preserved spinal cord injury: is there any difference between traumatic and nontraumatic causes? J Neurosurg Spine. 2009;11(4):438\u201344.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"issue":"3","key":"3369_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2016.114","volume":"55","author":"I L\u00f6fvenmark","year":"2017","unstructured":"L\u00f6fvenmark I, Wikmar LN, Hasselberg M, Norrbrink C, Hultling C. Outcomes 2 years after traumatic spinal cord injury in Botswana: a follow-up study. Spinal Cord. 2017;55(3):285.","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"3","key":"3369_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.10.002","volume":"44","author":"T Chopra","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chopra T, Marchaim D, Awali RA, Levine M, SM S, Chalana IK, Ahmed F. Risk factors and acute in-hospital costs for infected pressure ulcers among gunshot-spinal cord injury victims in southea stern Michigan. Am J Infect Control. 2016;44(3):315\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"3369_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wndm.2018.05.004","volume":"22","author":"KB Al Mutairi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Al Mutairi KB, Hendrie D. Global incidence and prevalence of pressure injuries in public hospitals: a systematic review. Wound Med. 2018;22:23\u201331.","journal-title":"Wound Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"3369_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1097\/00129334-200109000-00012","volume":"14","author":"GC Xakellis Jr","year":"2001","unstructured":"Xakellis GC Jr, Frantz RA, Lewis A, Harvey P. Translating pressure ulcer guidelines into practice: it's harder than it sounds. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2001;14(5):249\u201358.","journal-title":"Adv Skin Wound Care"}],"container-title":["BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12891-020-03369-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12891-020-03369-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12891-020-03369-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T14:10:30Z","timestamp":1666707030000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12891-020-03369-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3369"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-020-03369-0","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/19007237","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2474"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2474","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 September 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 May 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 May 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"334"}}