{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T13:45:06Z","timestamp":1780667106830,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,18]],"date-time":"2020-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579305600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,18]],"date-time":"2020-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2015M3C1B2052811"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015M3C1B2052811"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Musculoskelet Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this study was to investigate residual rotation of patients with forearm amputation and the contribution of involved muscle to residual rotation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Testing was performed using five fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens prepared by isolating muscles involved in forearm rotation. Amputation was implemented at 25\u2009cm (wrist disarticulation), 18\u2009cm, or 10\u2009cm from the tip of olecranon. Supination and pronation in the amputation stump were simulated with traction of involved muscle (supinator, biceps brachii, pronator teres, pronator quadratus) using an electric actuator. The degree of rotation was examined at 30\u00b0, 60\u00b0, 90\u00b0, and 120\u00b0 in flexion of elbow.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Average rotation of 25\u2009cm forearm stump was 148\u00b0 (SD: 23.1). The rotation was decreased to 117.5\u00b0 (SD: 26.6) at 18\u2009cm forearm stump. It was further decreased to 63\u00b0 (SD 31.5) at 10\u2009cm forearm stump. Tendency of disorganized rotation was observed in close proximity of the amputation site to the elbow. Full residual pronation was achieved with traction of each pronator teres and pronator quadratus. Although traction of supinator could implement residual supination, the contribution of biceps brachii ranged from 4 to 88% according to the degree of flexion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Close proximity of the amputation site to the elbow decreased the residual rotation significantly compared to residual rotation of wrist disarticulation. The preservation of pronosupination was 80% at 18\u2009cm forearm stump. Although the pronator teres and the pronator quadratus could make a full residual pronation separately, the supinator was essential to a residual supination.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-020-3050-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,18]],"date-time":"2020-01-18T16:02:38Z","timestamp":1579363358000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Residual rotation of forearm amputation: cadaveric study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Geon","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung-Jae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joo Hyung","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4330-7726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang-Hun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Jin","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwang-Hyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"3050_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1007\/s11552-008-9119-x","volume":"3","author":"NF Jones","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jones NF, Shin EK, Eo S, Starzl TE. Successful salvage of mucormycosis infection of the forearm and osteomyelitis of the ulna. Hand (New York, NY). 2008;3(4):332\u20136.","journal-title":"Hand (New York, NY)"},{"issue":"8","key":"3050_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2014.03.013","volume":"40","author":"TA Mitchell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mitchell TA, Hardin MO, Murray CK, Ritchie JD, Cancio LC, Renz EM, et al. Mucormycosis attributed mortality: a seven-year review of surgical and medical management. Burns. 2014;40(8):1689\u201395.","journal-title":"Burns."},{"issue":"6","key":"3050_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2012.02.004","volume":"37","author":"ME Puhaindran","year":"2012","unstructured":"Puhaindran ME, Chou J, Forsberg JA, Athanasian EA. Major upper-limb amputations for malignant tumors. J Hand Surg Am. 2012;37(6):1235\u201341.","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"18","key":"3050_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2934","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.00258","volume":"92","author":"SM Tintle","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tintle SM, Baechler MF, Nanos GP 3rd, Forsberg JA, Potter BK. Traumatic and trauma-related amputations: part II: upper extremity and future directions. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92(18):2934\u201345.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"3050_CR5","first-page":"389","volume":"175","author":"WC Williard","year":"1992","unstructured":"Williard WC, Collin C, Casper ES, Hajdu SI, Brennan MF. The changing role of amputation for soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity in adults. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1992;175(5):389\u201396.","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"2","key":"3050_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)32145-3","volume":"3","author":"RE Tooms","year":"1972","unstructured":"Tooms RE. Amputation surgery in the upper extremity. Orthop Clin North Am. 1972;3(2):383\u201395.","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"3050_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surge.2011.06.001","volume":"9","author":"RG Clement","year":"2011","unstructured":"Clement RG, Bugler KE, Oliver CW. Bionic prosthetic hands: a review of present technology and future aspirations. Surgeon. 2011;9(6):336\u201340.","journal-title":"Surgeon"},{"issue":"8","key":"3050_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1024\/0040-5930\/a000706","volume":"72","author":"C Surke","year":"2015","unstructured":"Surke C, Ducommun Dit Boudry P, Vogelin E. The bionic hand. Ther Umsch. 2015;72(8):487\u201393.","journal-title":"Ther Umsch"},{"issue":"4","key":"3050_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s00113-017-0331-4","volume":"120","author":"Y Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li Y, Branemark R. Osseointegrated prostheses for rehabilitation following amputation : the pioneering Swedish model. Unfallchirurg. 2017;120(4):285\u201392.","journal-title":"Unfallchirurg"},{"key":"3050_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1960","DOI":"10.1002\/rcs.1960","volume":"15","author":"CL Semasinghe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Semasinghe CL, Madusanka DGK, Ranaweera R, Gopura R. Transradial prostheses: Trends in development of hardware and control systems. Int J Med Robot. 2018;15:e1960.","journal-title":"Int J Med Robot"},{"issue":"12","key":"3050_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2018.2880948","volume":"26","author":"I Boni","year":"2018","unstructured":"Boni I, Millenaar J, Controzzi M, Ortiz-Catalan M. Restoring natural forearm rotation in Transradial Osseointegrated amputees. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2018;26(12):2333\u201341.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"issue":"3","key":"3050_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2017.08.010","volume":"43","author":"B Gammon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gammon B, Lalone E, Nishiwaki M, Willing R, Johnson J, King GJW. Arthrokinematics of the Distal Radioulnar Joint Measured Using Intercartilage Distance in an In Vitro Model. J Hand Surg Am. 2018;43(3):283.e1.","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"3050_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(03)00487-8","volume":"28","author":"KD Gordon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gordon KD, Dunning CE, Johnson JA, King GJ. Influence of the pronator quadratus and supinator muscle load on DRUJ stability. J Hand Surg Am. 2003;28(6):943\u201350.","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am."},{"key":"3050_CR14","first-page":"169","volume-title":"Human limbs and their substitutes","author":"CL Taylor","year":"1954","unstructured":"Taylor CL. The biomechanics of the normal and of the amputated upper extremity. In: Klopsteg PE, Wilson PD, editors. Human limbs and their substitutes. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1954. p. 169\u2013221."},{"issue":"2","key":"3050_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2000.jhsu25a0341","volume":"25","author":"LD Ward","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ward LD, Ambrose CG, Masson MV, Levaro F. The role of the distal radioulnar ligaments, interosseous membrane, and joint capsule in distal radioulnar joint stability. J Hand Surg Am. 2000;25(2):341\u201351.","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"3050_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-010-1089-0","volume":"131","author":"M Sauerbier","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sauerbier M, Hahn ME, Berglund LJ, An KN, Berger RA. Biomechanical evaluation of the dynamic radioulnar convergence after ulnar head resection, two soft tissue stabilization methods of the distal ulna and ulnar head prosthesis implantation. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2011;131(1):15\u201326.","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"3050_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2009.01.015","volume":"34","author":"H Moritomo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moritomo H, Noda K, Goto A, Murase T, Yoshikawa H, Sugamoto K. Interosseous membrane of the forearm: length change of ligaments during forearm rotation. J Hand Surg Am. 2009;34(4):685\u201391.","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am."},{"issue":"3","key":"3050_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e3182539333","volume":"27","author":"SH Hershman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hershman SH, Immerman I, Bechtel C, Lekic N, Paksima N, Egol KA. The effects of pronator quadratus repair on outcomes after volar plating of distal radius fractures. J Orthop Trauma. 2013;27(3):130\u20133.","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"3","key":"3050_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s11751-017-0288-4","volume":"12","author":"MAM Mulders","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mulders MAM, Walenkamp MMJ, Bos F, Schep NWL, Goslings JC. Repair of the pronator quadratus after volar plate fixation in distal radius fractures: a systematic review. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr. 2017;12(3):181\u20138.","journal-title":"Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr"},{"issue":"9","key":"3050_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2013.06.006","volume":"38","author":"R Tosti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tosti R, Ilyas AM. Prospective evaluation of pronator quadratus repair following volar plate fixation of distal radius fractures. J Hand Surg Am. 2013;38(9):1678\u201384.","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"3050_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(03)00115-3","volume":"22","author":"KD Gordon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gordon KD, Pardo RD, Johnson JA, King GJ, Miller TA. Electromyographic activity and strength during maximum isometric pronation and supination efforts in healthy adults. J Orthop Res. 2004;22(1):208\u201313.","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"3050_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193408087036","volume":"33","author":"S Roukoz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Roukoz S, Naccache N, Sleilaty G. The role of the musculocutaneous and radial nerves in elbow flexion and forearm supination: a biomechanical study. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2008;33(2):201\u20134.","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Eur Vol"},{"issue":"10","key":"3050_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185788","volume":"12","author":"X Shang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shang X, Chen J, Chen S. A meta-analysis comparing tenotomy and tenodesis for treating rotator cuff tears combined with long head of the biceps tendon lesions. PLoS One. 2017;12(10):e0185788.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"3050_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-013-2587-8","volume":"23","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Zhou J, Ge H, Cheng B. Tenotomy or tenodesis for long head biceps lesions in shoulders with reparable rotator cuff tears: a prospective randomised trial. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(2):464\u20139.","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"}],"container-title":["BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12891-020-3050-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12891-020-3050-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12891-020-3050-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]],"date-time":"2021-02-22T20:34:39Z","timestamp":1614026079000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12891-020-3050-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,18]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3050"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-020-3050-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2474"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2474","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 May 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 January 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 January 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Eulji Medical Center (No. 2019\u201306-007). Each author certifies that the investigation was conducted in conformity with ethical principles. Cadavers used in this study were provided by the College of Medicine, Hanyang University. Written informed consent to participate in this study was obtained from the legal representative of each patient.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"40"}}