{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:53:27Z","timestamp":1790808807017,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623369600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bioventus"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Musculoskelet Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Non-union occurs in approximately 5 to 10% of fracture patients, with certain bones at greater risk of failing to heal. Non-unions have a significant impact on socioeconomic costs and the patients short and long-term quality of life. Low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is a non-invasive therapy for non-union treatment that can improve the long-term outcome. The purpose of this study is to summarize the available literature assessing LIPUS potential to improve the union rate in instrumented, infected, and fragility non-unions.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A literature search was conducted in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL databases for all relevant literature on the healing rates of LIPUS utilized in instrumented, infected, and fragility non-unions. Study characteristics were summarized for each of the included studies. The percentage of healed patients (healing rate), for instrumented, infected, and fragility fracture non-union patients were pooled from each included study.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The literature search identified a total of 326 articles, while searching reference lists and grey literature identified an additional 3 articles. There was a total of 29 articles included in this review, with 20 articles included within the quantitative synthesis of healing rates. The most common design of included studies was case series (17 articles), followed by case reports (9 articles). Studies were primarily retrospective (18 studies), with an additional 10 prospective studies. Non-union healing rates were 82% (95% CI: 76 to 87%) in instrumented, 82% (95% CI: 70 to 95%) in infected, and 91% (95% CI: 87 to 95%) in fragility fracture patients with non-unions.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study has provided a thorough overview of the current literature on LIPUS treatment for instrumented, infected, and fragility fracture non-unions. The healing rates for non-unions in these subgroups were comparable to healing rates observed with LIPUS use in general non-union literature. LIPUS treatment should be considered as a conservative non-surgical treatment option to potentially reduce the socioeconomic impact and improve the quality of life of these unfortunate patients.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Level of evidence<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>4 (systematic review of primarily case series data)<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04322-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T13:02:50Z","timestamp":1623416570000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) use for the management of instrumented, infected, and fragility non-unions: a systematic review and meta-analysis of healing proportions"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Ross","family":"Leighton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0923-261X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohit","family":"Bhandari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Zura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"4322_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e162775","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2016.2775","volume":"151","author":"R Zura","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zura R, Xiong Z, Einhorn T, Watson JT, Ostrum RF, Prayson MJ, et al. Epidemiology of fracture nonunion in 18 human bones. JAMA Surg. 2016;151(11):e162775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamasurg.2016.2775.","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"31","key":"4322_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11691","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000011691","volume":"97","author":"R Zura","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zura R, Kaste SC, Heffernan MJ, Accousti WK, Gargiulo D, Wang Z, et al. Risk factors for nonunion of bone fracture in pediatric patients: an inception cohort study of 237,033 fractures. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(31):e11691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000011691.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"4322_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.11.006","volume":"95","author":"R Zura","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zura R, Braid-Forbes MJ, Jeray K, Mehta S, Einhorn TA, Watson JT, et al. Bone fracture nonunion rate decreases with increasing age: a prospective inception cohort study. Bone. 2017;95:26\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bone.2016.11.006.","journal-title":"Bone."},{"key":"4322_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ekegren CL, Edwards ER, de Steiger R, Gabbe BJ. Incidence, costs and predictors of non-union, delayed union and mal-union following long bone fracture. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(12). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph15122845.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15122845"},{"issue":"1","key":"4322_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-14-42","volume":"14","author":"E Antonova","year":"2013","unstructured":"Antonova E, Le TK, Burge R, Mershon J. Tibia shaft fractures: costly burden of nonunions. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2013;14(1):42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2474-14-42.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"4322_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s40258-014-0117-6","volume":"12","author":"A Higgins","year":"2014","unstructured":"Higgins A, Glover M, Yang Y, Bayliss S, Meads C, Lord J. EXOGEN ultrasound bone healing system for long bone fractures with non-union or delayed healing: a NICE medical technology guidance. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2014;12(5):477\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40258-014-0117-6.","journal-title":"Appl Health Econ Health Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"4322_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.4103\/ortho.IJOrtho_199_16","volume":"51","author":"MM Chaudhary","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chaudhary MM. Infected nonunion of tibia. Indian J Orthop. 2017;51(3):256\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ortho.IJOrtho_199_16.","journal-title":"Indian J Orthop"},{"issue":"7","key":"4322_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000100","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000100","volume":"6","author":"A Liberati","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, G\u00f8tzsche PC, Ioannidis JPA, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000100.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"4322_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-011-0049-z","volume":"16","author":"H Akiyama","year":"2011","unstructured":"Akiyama H, Kawanabe K, Yamamoto K, et al. Cemented total hip arthroplasty with subtrochanteric femoral shortening transverse osteotomy for severely dislocated hips: outcome with a 3- to 10-year follow-up period. J Orthop Sci Off J Jpn Orthop Assoc. 2011;16(3):270\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00776-011-0049-z.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci Off J Jpn Orthop Assoc"},{"key":"4322_CR10","unstructured":"Bioventus Exogen label expansion indications for use design validation report. RPT-000879. LLC, Durham: Bioventus; 2019. (unpublished)"},{"issue":"3","key":"4322_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-005-0235-9","volume":"15","author":"T Fujishiro","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fujishiro T, Matsui N, Yoshiya S, Fujioka H, Tsunoda M, Kurosaka M. Treatment of a bone defect in the femoral shaft after osteomyelitis using low-intensity pulsed ultrasound. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2005;15(3):244\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00590-005-0235-9.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4322_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2005.06.002","volume":"31","author":"D Gebauer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gebauer D, Mayr E, Orthner E, Ryaby JP. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound: effects on nonunions. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2005;31(10):1391\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2005.06.002.","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4322_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2010.09.016","volume":"97","author":"X Hemery","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hemery X, Ohl X, Saddiki R, Barresi L, Dehoux E. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound for non-union treatment: a 14-case series evaluation. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res OTSR. 2011;97(1):51\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.otsr.2010.09.016.","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res OTSR."},{"issue":"1","key":"4322_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-6-209","volume":"6","author":"M Huber","year":"2012","unstructured":"Huber M, Prantl L, Gehmert S. Successful treatment of nonunion in severe finger injury with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS): a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2012;6(1):209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1752-1947-6-209.","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"4322_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-006-1080-3","volume":"12","author":"S Jingushi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jingushi S, Mizuno K, Matsushita T, Itoman M. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound treatment for postoperative delayed union or nonunion of long bone fractures. J Orthop Sci Off J Jpn Orthop Assoc. 2007;12(1):35\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00776-006-1080-3.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci Off J Jpn Orthop Assoc."},{"issue":"4","key":"4322_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-007-0199-z","volume":"17","author":"S Joshy","year":"2007","unstructured":"Joshy S, Gopalan S, Deshmukh SC. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in the treatment of tibial non-union. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2007;17(4):363\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00590-007-0199-z.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol"},{"key":"4322_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2016.02.020","volume":"21","author":"SY Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee SY, Niikura T, Iwakura T, Kuroda R, Kurosaka M. Treatment of ununited femoral neck fractures in young adults using low-intensity pulsed ultrasound: report of 2 cases. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2016;21:59\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijscr.2016.02.020.","journal-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep"},{"issue":"1\u20139","key":"4322_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2003.11.014","volume":"42","author":"A Lerner","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lerner A, Stein H, Soudry M. Compound high-energy limb fractures with delayed union: our experience with adjuvant ultrasound stimulation (exogen). Ultrasonics. 2004;42(1\u20139):915\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ultras.2003.11.014.","journal-title":"Ultrasonics."},{"key":"4322_CR19","unstructured":"Lim W, Cheong M, Phang H, Ramanathan R. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (lipus) treatment for non union subtrochanteric fracture of femur: a case report. Malaysian Orthopaedic Association Scientific Metting 2012. Conference Abstract and Poster Presentation. 2012. p. 39."},{"issue":"4","key":"4322_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2019.05.009","volume":"26","author":"H Majeed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Majeed H, Karim T, Davenport J, Karski M, Smith R, Clough TM. Clinical and patient-reported outcomes following low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS, exogen) for established post-traumatic and post-surgical nonunion in the foot and ankle. Foot Ankle Surg Off J Eur Soc Foot Ankle Surg. 2019;26(4):405\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fas.2019.05.009.","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Surg Off J Eur Soc Foot Ankle Surg."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"4322_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/pl00021234","volume":"120","author":"E Mayr","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mayr E, Frankel V, R\u00fcter A. Ultrasound--an alternative healing method for nonunions? Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2000;120(1\u20132):1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/pl00021234.","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"4322_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/s001130100301","volume":"105","author":"E Mayr","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mayr E, M\u00f6ckl C, Lenich A, Ecker M, R\u00fcter A. Is low intensity ultrasound effective in treatment of disorders of fracture healing? Unfallchirurg. 2002;105(2):108\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s001130100301.","journal-title":"Unfallchirurg."},{"issue":"6","key":"4322_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2018.11.004","volume":"25","author":"YH Mirza","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mirza YH, Teoh KH, Golding D, Wong JF, Nathdwarawala Y. Is there a role for low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) in delayed or nonunion following arthrodesis in foot and ankle surgery? Foot Ankle Surg Off J Eur Soc Foot Ankle Surg. 2019;25(6):842\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fas.2018.11.004.","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Surg Off J Eur Soc Foot Ankle Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"4322_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2016.06.028","volume":"13","author":"A Moghaddam","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moghaddam A, Yildirim TM, Westhauser F, Danner W, Swing T, Bruckner T, et al. Low intensity pulsed ultrasound in the treatment of long bone nonunions: evaluation of cytokine expression as a tool for objectifying nonunion therapy. J Orthop. 2016;13(4):306\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jor.2016.06.028.","journal-title":"J Orthop"},{"issue":"8","key":"4322_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bot.0000489981.32706.91","volume":"30","author":"T Niikura","year":"2016","unstructured":"Niikura T, Yang Lee S, Iwakura T, Kurosaka M. 8. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) treatment for the patient with bone reconstruction by the masquelet technique using RIA. J Orthop Trauma. 2016;30(8):S4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.bot.0000489981.32706.91.","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"4","key":"4322_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200110000-00012","volume":"51","author":"PA Nolte","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nolte PA, van der Krans A, Patka P, Janssen IM, Ryaby JP, Albers GH. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in the treatment of nonunions. J Trauma. 2001;51(4):693\u2013702; discussion 702-703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005373-200110000-00012.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"2","key":"4322_CR27","first-page":"173","volume":"44","author":"F Pigozzi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pigozzi F, Moneta MR, Giombini A, et al. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in the conservative treatment of pseudoarthrosis. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2004;44(2):173\u20138.","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"key":"4322_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Povlsen SD, Povlsen B. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound treatment as an alternative to vascular bone graft surgery for a 5-year-long ulnar non-union in a patient with haemochromatosis. BMJ Case Rep. 2015;2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2015-211950.","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2015-211950"},{"issue":"2","key":"4322_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-005-0034-2","volume":"30","author":"M Ricardo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ricardo M. The effect of ultrasound on the healing of muscle-pediculated bone graft in scaphoid non-union. Int Orthop. 2006;30(2):123\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00264-005-0034-2.","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"4322_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Romano C, Zavatarelli AM. Biophysical treatment of septic nonunions. Arch Ortop Reumatol. 2006. p. 12\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10261-006-0097-7.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10261-006-0097-7"},{"issue":"2","key":"4322_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2011.10.011","volume":"98","author":"X Roussignol","year":"2012","unstructured":"Roussignol X, Currey C, Duparc F, Dujardin F. Indications and results for the exogen\u2122 ultrasound system in the management of non-union: a 59-case pilot study. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res OTSR. 2012;98(2):206\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.otsr.2011.10.011.","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res OTSR"},{"issue":"4","key":"4322_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000238663.33796.fb","volume":"62","author":"S Rutten","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rutten S, Nolte PA, Guit GL, Bouman DE, Albers GHR. Use of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound for posttraumatic nonunions of the tibia: a review of patients treated in the Netherlands. J Trauma. 2007;62(4):902\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.ta.0000238663.33796.fb.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"4322_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-11-229","volume":"11","author":"MD Schofer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schofer MD, Block JE, Aigner J, Schmelz A. Improved healing response in delayed unions of the tibia with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound: results of a randomized sham-controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2010;11(1):229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2474-11-229.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"4322_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2009.11.008","volume":"2","author":"Z Waseem","year":"2010","unstructured":"Waseem Z, Ford M, Syed K, Flannery J. Chronic nonunion in a patient with bilateral supracondylar distal femur fractures treated successfully with twice daily low-intensity pulsed ultrasound. PM R. 2010;2(2):159\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmrj.2009.11.008.","journal-title":"PM R"},{"issue":"5","key":"4322_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-013-0415-0","volume":"18","author":"Y Watanabe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Watanabe Y, Arai Y, Takenaka N, Kobayashi M, Matsushita T. Three key factors affecting treatment results of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound for delayed unions and nonunions: instability, gap size, and atrophic nonunion. J Orthop Sci Off J Jpn Orthop Assoc. 2013;18(5):803\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00776-013-0415-0.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci Off J Jpn Orthop Assoc."},{"issue":"5","key":"4322_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S34","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(16)30576-9","volume":"47","author":"A Welch-Phillips","year":"2016","unstructured":"Welch-Phillips A, Kennedy C, Harty J, Athar M. P25 assessment of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on fracture healing as used in a level-1 trauma Centre - injury. Injury. 2016;47(5):S34. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0020-1383(16)30576-9.","journal-title":"Injury."},{"issue":"10","key":"4322_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2015.05.042","volume":"46","author":"R Zura","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zura R, Della Rocca GJ, Mehta S, Harrison A, Brodie C, Jones J, et al. Treatment of chronic (>1 year) fracture nonunion: heal rate in a cohort of 767 patients treated with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS). Injury. 2015;46(10):2036\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2015.05.042.","journal-title":"Injury."},{"issue":"7","key":"4322_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2017.05.016","volume":"48","author":"R Leighton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Leighton R, Watson JT, Giannoudis P, Papakostidis C, Harrison A, Steen RG. Healing of fracture nonunions treated with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Injury. 2017;48(7):1339\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2017.05.016.","journal-title":"Injury."}],"container-title":["BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12891-021-04322-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12891-021-04322-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12891-021-04322-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T13:05:02Z","timestamp":1623416702000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12891-021-04322-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4322"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-021-04322-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2474"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2474","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 September 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 May 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 June 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Ross Leighton: Speaker Bureau--Bioventis, Smith and Nephew, Johnson and Johnson, Biomet Zimmer, Bio composites. Research Grants- Johnson and Johnson, Smith and Nephew, Stryker.Mark Phillips: Employee of Global Research Solutions Inc.Mohit Bhandari: Grants from Bioventus during the conduct of this work, personal fees from AgNovos Healthcare, grants and personal fees from Sanofi Aventis, grants and personal fees from Stryker, personal fees from Pendopharm, grants from Acumed, DJ Orthopedics, Titan Spine, and Flexion Therapeutics, outside the submitted work.Robert Zura: Personal fees from Bioventus, Osteocentric, Smith and Nephew, and non-financial support from Stryker, outside the submitted work.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"532"}}