{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T23:17:15Z","timestamp":1770419835342,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631750400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Musculoskelet Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of self-reported musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) among Polish territorial army soldiers during the COVID-19 pandemic and to investigate whether there was a relationship between occupational physical activity (OPA), leisure time physical activity (LTPA), and MSD.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The study used a cross-sectional design with a sample of 373 territorial army soldiers ages 18\u201355 who had not previously suffered from COVID-19 and were not convalescents. The symptoms prevalence data was collected using the standardized Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. OPA and LTPA data was collected using the Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall (SDPAR).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The OPA, LTPA, and total physical activity (PA) among the studied soldiers was very diverse and the mean level of PA was relatively high. A total of 56 and 40% of territorial army soldiers had experienced pain or other discomfort in one or more of nine body regions during the past 12\u2009months and during the past 7\u2009days, respectively. The most common MSD among Polish territorial army soldiers were low back pain, followed by pain in the neck and knees.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The study revealed that the OPA of the studied soldiers, especially vigorous-intensity and high vigorous-intensity OPA, was associated with a higher prevalence of MSD in several regions of the body, i.e. the lower back, elbows, wrists or hands, hips or thighs, and ankles or feet. Along with the increase in energy expenditure on total PA, a greater percentage of respondents experienced low back pain. Vigorous and high vigorous-intensity PA may contribute to the occurrence of MSD.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04654-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T13:04:06Z","timestamp":1631797446000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Musculoskeletal disorders and the physical activity of territorial army soldiers during the COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Grabara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Sadowska-Kr\u0119pa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4654_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-8-56","volume":"8","author":"T Morken","year":"2007","unstructured":"Morken T, Mager\u00f8y N, Moen BE. Physical activity is associated with a low prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in the Royal Norwegian Navy: a cross sectional study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007;8(1):56. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2474-8-56.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"4654_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.5455\/medscience.2020.09.9252","volume":"9","author":"R Buyukavci","year":"2020","unstructured":"Buyukavci R, Akturk S, Akturk U. The relationship between musculoskeletal disorders and physical activity among nursing students. Med Sci Int Med J. 2020;9(2):462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5455\/medscience.2020.09.9252.","journal-title":"Med Sci Int Med J"},{"key":"4654_CR3","first-page":"S450","volume":"53","author":"K Wongwitwichote","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wongwitwichote K, Jalayondeja W, Mekhora K, Jalayondeja C. Physical activity, sitting time and work-related musculoskeletal disorders in computer workers. Japanese J Ergon. 2017;53:S450\u20133.","journal-title":"Japanese J Ergon"},{"key":"4654_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1447-5","volume":"15","author":"A Puig-Ribera","year":"2015","unstructured":"Puig-Ribera A, Mart\u00ednez-Lemos I, Gin\u00e9-Garriga M, Gonz\u00e1lez-Su\u00e1rez \u00c1M, Bort-Roig J, Fortu\u00f1o J, et al. Self-reported sitting time and physical activity: interactive associations with mental well-being and productivity in office employees. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:1\u201310.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"4654_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-019-2856-x","volume":"20","author":"A Halvarsson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Halvarsson A, Seth M, Tegern M, Broman L, Larsson H. Remarkable increase of musculoskeletal disorders among soldiers preparing for international missions-comparison between 2002 and 2012. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019;20:1\u20137.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"4654_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-019-3017-y","volume":"21","author":"M Tegern","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tegern M, Aasa U, \u00c4ng BO, Larsson H. Musculoskeletal disorders and their associations with health-and work-related factors: a cross-sectional comparison between Swedish air force personnel and army soldiers. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020;21:1\u201314.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"Supplement 2","key":"4654_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S101","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31822e7721","volume":"26","author":"EJ Zambraski","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zambraski EJ, Yancosek KE. Prevention and rehabilitation of musculoskeletal injuries during military operations and training. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26(Supplement 2):S101\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31822e7721.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"4654_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-016-1172-y","volume":"17","author":"A Monnier","year":"2016","unstructured":"Monnier A, Djupsj\u00f6backa M, Larsson H, Norman K, \u00c4ng BO. Risk factors for back pain in marines; a prospective cohort study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016;17:1\u201312.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"4654_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0b013e328364289c","volume":"28","author":"J Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li J, Loerbroks A, Angerer P. Physical activity and risk of cardiovascular disease: what does the new epidemiological evidence show? Curr Opin Cardiol. 2013;28(5):575\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HCO.0b013e328364289c.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4654_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2010.079582","volume":"46","author":"A Holtermann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Holtermann A, Hansen JV, Burr H, S\u00f8gaard K, Sj\u00f8gaard G. The health paradox of occupational and leisure-time physical activity. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(4):291\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsm.2010.079582.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"4654_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177042","volume":"12","author":"DM Hallman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hallman DM, J\u00f8rgensen MB, Holtermann A. On the health paradox of occupational and leisure-time physical activity using objective measurements: effects on autonomic imbalance. PLoS One. 2017;12:1\u201316.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"4654_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y.A. Kesaniemi, J. Danforth E., M.D. Jensen, P.G. Kopelman, P. Lefebvre and B.A. Reeder, Dose-response issues concerning physical activity and health: An evidence-based symposium, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 33 (2001), pp. 351\u2013358.","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200106001-00003"},{"key":"4654_CR13","unstructured":"WHO WHO. Guidelines on physical activity and sedentary: Behaviour; 2020."},{"issue":"1","key":"4654_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.2478\/s13382-014-0224-5","volume":"27","author":"A Nawrocka","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nawrocka A, Mynarski W, Powerska A, Grabara M, Groffik D, Borek Z. Health-oriented physical activity in prevention of musculoskeletal disorders among young polish musicians. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2014;27(1):28\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/s13382-014-0224-5.","journal-title":"Int J Occup Med Environ Health"},{"key":"4654_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Murata, T. Doi, R. Sawa, R. Nakamura, T. Isa, A. Ebina et al., Association between objectively measured physical activity and the number of chronic musculoskeletal pain sites in community-dwelling older adults, Pain Med. (United States) 20 (2019), .","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pny112"},{"key":"4654_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S204196","volume":"14","author":"A Nawrocka","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nawrocka A, Niestr\u00f3j-Jaworska M, Mynarski A, Polecho\u0144ski J. Association between objectively measured physical activity and musculoskeletal disorders, and perceived work ability among adult, middle-aged and older women. Clin Interv Aging. 2019;14:1975\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/CIA.S204196.","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"issue":"8","key":"4654_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s004200000167","volume":"73","author":"VH Hildebrandt","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hildebrandt VH, Bongers PM, Dul J, Van Dijk FJH, Kemper HCG. The relationship between leisure time, physical activities and musculoskeletal symptoms and disability in worker populations. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2000;73(8):507\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s004200000167.","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"4654_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.451","volume":"25","author":"WE Hoogendoorn","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hoogendoorn WE, Van Poppel MNM, Bongers PM, Koes BW, Bouter LM. Physical load during work and leisure time as risk factors for back pain. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1999;25(5):387\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5271\/sjweh.451.","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"4654_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0536","volume":"103","author":"A Alvarez-Risco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alvarez-Risco A, Mejia CR, Delgado-Zegarra J, Del-Aguila-Arcentales S, Arce-Esquivel AA, Valladares-Garrido MJ, et al. The Peru approach against the COVID-19 infodemic: insights and strategies. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;103(2):583\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0536.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"4654_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.X. Zhang, S. Sun, A. Afshar Jahanshahi, A. Alvarez-Risco, V.G. Ibarra, J. Li et al., Developing and testing a measure of COVID-19 organizational support of healthcare workers \u2013 results from Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia, Psychiatry Res. 291 (2020), .","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113174"},{"key":"4654_CR21","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"X Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen X, Zhang SX, Jahanshahi AA, Alvarez-Risco A, Dai H, Li J, et al. Belief in a COVID-19 conspiracy theory as a predictor of mental health and well-being of health care workers in Ecuador: cross-sectional survey study. JMIR Public Heal Surveill. 2020;6:1\u20137.","journal-title":"JMIR Public Heal Surveill"},{"key":"4654_CR22","unstructured":"Situation by Region, Country, Territory & Area."},{"issue":"3","key":"4654_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-6870(87)90010-X","volume":"18","author":"I Kuorinka","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kuorinka I, Jonsson B, Kilbom A, Vinterberg H, Biering-S\u00f8rensen F, Andersson G, et al. Standardised Nordic questionnaires for the analysis of musculoskeletal symptoms. Appl Ergon. 1987;18(3):233\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0003-6870(87)90010-X.","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"issue":"2","key":"4654_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.21091\/mppa.2014.2015","volume":"29","author":"A Nawrocka","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nawrocka A, Mynarski W, Powerska-Didkowska A, Grabara M, Garbaciak W. Musculoskeletal pain among polish music school students. Med Probl Perform Art. 2014;29(2):64\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21091\/mppa.2014.2015.","journal-title":"Med Probl Perform Art"},{"issue":"2","key":"4654_CR25","first-page":"181","volume":"65","author":"W Mynarski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mynarski W, Grabara M, Nawrocka A, Niestr\u00f3j-Jaworska M, Wo\u0142kowycka B, Cholewa J. Physical recreational activity and musculoskeletal disorders in nurses. Med Pr. 2014;65(2):181\u20138.","journal-title":"Med Pr"},{"issue":"4","key":"4654_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.1990.10607494","volume":"61","author":"LD Gross","year":"1990","unstructured":"Gross LD, Sallis JF, Buono MJ, Roby JJ, Nelson JA. Reliability of interviewers using the seven-day physical activity recall. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1990;61(4):321\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02701367.1990.10607494.","journal-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport"},{"issue":"4","key":"4654_CR27","first-page":"351","volume":"18","author":"D Kaleta","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kaleta D, Jegier A. Occupational energy expenditure and leisure-time physical activity. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2005;18(4):351\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Occup Med Environ Health"},{"key":"4654_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.L. Ramani, J. Samet, C.K. Franz, C. Hsieh, C. V. Nguyen, C. Horbinski et al., Musculoskeletal involvement of COVID-19: review of imaging, Skeletal Radiol. (2021), pp. 1763\u20131773.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-021-03734-7"},{"issue":"1","key":"4654_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1590\/1809-2950\/18029227012020","volume":"27","author":"MVGB Serra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Serra MVGB, Scalon JD, Tonello MGM, Quemelo PRV. Musculoskeletal disorders, stress perception and physical activity in police officers. Fisioter e Pesqui. 2020;27(1):22\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1809-2950\/18029227012020.","journal-title":"Fisioter e Pesqui"},{"key":"4654_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Weyh, C. Pilat and K. Kr\u00fcger, Musculoskeletal disorders and level of physical activity in welders, Occup. Med. (Chic. Ill). 70 (2020), .","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqaa169"},{"issue":"5","key":"4654_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13629","volume":"30","author":"R L\u00f3pez-Bueno","year":"2020","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Bueno R, Sundstrup E, Vinstrup J, Casaj\u00fas JA, Andersen LL. High leisure-time physical activity reduces the risk of long-term sickness absence. Scand J Med Sci Sport. 2020;30(5):939\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.13629.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sport"},{"key":"4654_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S192","DOI":"10.1016\/S1063-4584(09)60384-8","volume":"17","author":"K S\u00f8gaard","year":"2009","unstructured":"S\u00f8gaard K, Juul-Kristensen B, Sj\u00f8gaard G, Hannetz H, Burr H. Prevalence and prediction of recurrent musculoskeletal symptoms during a ten-year period and the significance of physical activity at work. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2009;17:S192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1063-4584(09)60384-8.","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil"},{"issue":"4","key":"4654_CR33","first-page":"466","volume":"42","author":"E Pihl","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pihl E, Matsin T, J\u00fcrim\u00e4e T. Physical activity, musculoskeletal disorders and cardiovascular risk factors in male physical education teachers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2002;42(4):466\u201371.","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"issue":"8","key":"4654_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199908000-00015","volume":"31","author":"SA Almeida","year":"1999","unstructured":"Almeida SA, Williams KM, Shaffer RA, Brodine SK. Epidemiological patterns of musculoskeletal injuries and physical training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31(8):1176\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005768-199908000-00015.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"4","key":"4654_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/163.4.229","volume":"163","author":"T Heir","year":"1998","unstructured":"Heir T. Musculoskeletal injuries in officer training: one-year follow-up. Mil Med. 1998;163(4):229\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/milmed\/163.4.229.","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":">3","key":"4654_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.37.3.197","volume":"37","author":"R Shephard","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shephard R. Limits to the measurement of habitual physical activity by questionnaires. Br J Sports Med. 2003;37(>3):197\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsm.37.3.197.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4654_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.7.4.541","volume":"7","author":"M Hagstromer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hagstromer M, Ainsworth BE, Oja P, Sjostrom M. Comparison of a subjective and an objective measure of physical activity in a population sample. J Phys Act Health. 2010;7(4):541\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jpah.7.4.541.","journal-title":"J Phys Act Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"4654_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-015-1095-1","volume":"89","author":"K Wick","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wick K, Faude O, Schwager S, Zahner L, Donath L. Deviation between self-reported and measured occupational physical activity levels in office employees: effects of age and body composition. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2016;89(4):575\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00420-015-1095-1.","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"}],"container-title":["BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12891-021-04654-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12891-021-04654-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12891-021-04654-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T13:10:57Z","timestamp":1631797857000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12891-021-04654-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4654"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-021-04654-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2474"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2474","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 June 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 August 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 September 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The subjects were informed of the study goals and test protocols before giving their signed informed consent for participation. The study protocol received approval from the Local Bioethics Committee (certificate of approval No. KB\/02\/12) of the Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice (Poland) according to the principles and policies of the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"796"}}