{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T13:51:44Z","timestamp":1761745904022},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707264000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Musculoskelet Disord"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Approximately 80% of all proximal humeral fractures (PHFs) are non-displaced or minimally displaced fractures, which can be treated with conservative treatment. This study investigated the effect of interferential current (IFC) added to  orthopedic rehabilitation on shoulder function, pain, and disability in patients with PHF.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study was a prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled conducted in physical medicine and rehabilitation outpatient clinic. Thirty-five patients were randomly separated into the IFC group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u200918) and the sham group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u200917). The orthopedic rehabilitation program was applied to all patients by the same physiotherapist three times a week for four\u2009weeks. Patients in the IFC group received the intervention for 20\u2009minutes 3 times a week before the exercise. The same pads were performed for the sham group, but no electrical stimulation was applied. Constant-Murley score (CMS) for shoulder function, visual analog scale (VAS) activity pain, disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand (DASH) score, and paracetamol intake were recorded post-treatment, at 6\u00a0weeks and 18 weeks post-treatment.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The demographic and fracture characteristics were not different between the groups. Significant differences were observed in the IFC and sham group in intragroup comparisons of total CMS, VAS activity pain, DASH score, and paracetamol intake over time (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u20090.001). Significant improvement over time was valid for all pairwise comparisons in both groups. However, no significant differences were detected between the IFC and sham group.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>IFC added to  orthopedic rehabilitation could not appear to be an electrotherapy modality that could potentially benefit shoulder function and disability in patients with PHF.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-024-07232-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T08:02:45Z","timestamp":1707292965000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Does interferential current provide additional benefit to orthopedic rehabilitation for the patients with proximal humeral fractures? A randomized controlled study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Emine","family":"Duran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Berrin","family":"Durmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Funda \u00c7al\u0131\u015f","family":"Atamaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehmet Resul","family":"Kad\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Levent","family":"K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"7232_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xrrt.2023.01.002","volume":"3","author":"DJ Cognetti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cognetti DJ, Hughes JD, Sprowls GR, McDonough CM, Sabzevari S, Barrow AE, et al. Proximal humerus fracture management and outcomes are distinctly different for individuals 60 years of age or younger: a systematic review. JSES rev rep tech. 2023;3(2):142\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xrrt.2023.01.002.","journal-title":"JSES rev rep tech."},{"issue":"2","key":"7232_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-022-09817-9","volume":"16","author":"N Martinez-Catalan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Martinez-Catalan N. Conservative treatment of proximal Humerus fractures: when, how, and what to expect. Curr rev musculoskel med. 2023;16(2):75\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12178-022-09817-9.","journal-title":"Curr rev musculoskel med."},{"key":"7232_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd000434","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000434.pub3","volume":"12","author":"HH Handoll","year":"2012","unstructured":"Handoll HH, Ollivere BJ, Rollins KE. Interventions for treating proximal humeral fractures in adults. Cochrane datab system rev. 2012;12:Cd000434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD000434.pub3.","journal-title":"Cochrane datab system rev."},{"key":"7232_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yu H, C\u00f4t\u00e9 P, Wong JJ, Shearer HM, Mior S, Cancelliere C, et al. Noninvasive management of soft tissue disorders of the shoulder: a clinical practice guideline from the Ontario protocol for traffic injury management (OPTIMa) collaboration. European journal of pain (London, England) 2021, 25(8):1644\u20131667 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejp.1788.","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1788"},{"issue":"3","key":"7232_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0142","volume":"40","author":"GL Cheing","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cheing GL, So EM, Chao CY. Effectiveness of electroacupuncture and interferential eloctrotherapy in the management of frozen shoulder. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40(3):166\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2340\/16501977-0142.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med."},{"key":"7232_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gaba E, Sethi J, Bhardwaj MJJoES, Vol P. Effect of interferential therapy over ultrasound therapy with common protocol of manual therapy in grade-II frozen shoulder. J Exerc Sci Physiother. 2020;16(2) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18376\/jesp\/2020\/v16\/i2\/157454.","DOI":"10.18376\/jesp\/2020\/v16\/i2\/157454"},{"issue":"3","key":"7232_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.17.04743-8","volume":"54","author":"T Nazligul","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nazligul T, Akpinar P, Aktas I, Unlu Ozkan F, Cagliyan HH. The effect of interferential current therapy on patients with subacromial impingement syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study. Europ j phys rehab med. 2018;54(3):351\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23736\/S1973-9087.17.04743-8.","journal-title":"Europ j phys rehab med."},{"issue":"3","key":"7232_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2017.09.009","volume":"41","author":"C Gomes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gomes C, Dibai-Filho AV, Moreira WA, Rivas SQ, Silva EDS, Garrido ACB. Effect of adding interferential current in an exercise and manual therapy program for patients with unilateral shoulder impingement syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. J Manip Physiol Ther. 2018;41(3):218\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmpt.2017.09.009.","journal-title":"J Manip Physiol Ther."},{"issue":"7","key":"7232_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001870","volume":"101","author":"HM Hussein","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hussein HM, Alshammari RS, Al-Barak SS, Alshammari ND, Alajlan SN, Althomali OW. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Investigating the Pain-Relieving Effect of Interferential Current on Musculoskeletal Pain. Am j phys med rehab. 2022;101(7):624\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001870.","journal-title":"Am j phys med rehab."},{"issue":"9","key":"7232_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20090335","volume":"90","author":"JP Fuentes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fuentes JP, Armijo Olivo S, Magee DJ, Gross DP. Effectiveness of interferential current therapy in the management of musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Phys Ther. 2010;90(9):1219\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2522\/ptj.20090335.","journal-title":"Phys Ther."},{"key":"7232_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rampazo \u00c9 P, Liebano RE. Analgesic effects of interferential current therapy: a narrative review. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) 2022, 58(1) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina58010141.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58010141"},{"issue":"6","key":"7232_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197052060-00002","volume":"52","author":"CS Neer II","year":"1970","unstructured":"Neer CS II. Displaced proximal humeral fractures. II. Treatment of three-part and four-part displacement. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1970;52(6):1090\u2013103.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"issue":"6","key":"7232_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd000434","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000434.pub5","volume":"6","author":"HH Handoll","year":"2022","unstructured":"Handoll HH, Elliott J, Thillemann TM, Aluko P, Brorson S. Interventions for treating proximal humeral fractures in adults. Cochr datab system rev. 2022;6(6):Cd000434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD000434.pub5.","journal-title":"Cochr datab system rev."},{"key":"7232_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000194677.02506.45","volume":"442","author":"S Hodgson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hodgson S. Proximal humerus fracture rehabilitation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;442:131\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"issue":"86","key":"7232_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9406(05)61162-5","volume":"3","author":"D Martin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Martin D, Palmer SJP. Interferential current as an adjunct to exercise and mobilisation in the treatment of proximal humerus fracture pain: lack of evidence of an additional effect. Physiother. 2000;3(86):147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0031-9406(05)61162-5.","journal-title":"Physiother."},{"key":"7232_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Albornoz-Cabello M, Sanchez-Santos JA, Melero-Suarez R, Heredia-Rizo AM, Espejo-Antunez L. Effects of adding interferential therapy electro-massage to usual care after surgery in subacromial pain syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Med. 2019;8(2) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm8020175.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8020175"},{"issue":"10","key":"7232_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2004.12.023","volume":"36","author":"C Fialka","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fialka C, Oberleitner G, Stampfl P, Brannath W, Hexel M, V\u00e9csei V. Modification of the constant-Murley shoulder score-introduction of the individual relative constant score individual shoulder assessment. Injury. 2005;36(10):1159\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2004.12.023.","journal-title":"Injury."},{"issue":"3","key":"7232_CR18","first-page":"99","volume":"17","author":"T D\u00fcger","year":"2006","unstructured":"D\u00fcger T, Yakut E, \u00d6ks\u00fcz \u00c7, Y\u00f6r\u00fckan S, Bilg\u00fctay BS, Ayhan \u00c7, et al. Kol, omuz ve el sorunlar\u0131 (disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand-DASH) anketi T\u00fcrk\u00e7e uyarlamas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvenirli\u011fi ve ge\u00e7erli\u011fi. Fizyoterapi Rehab. 2006;17(3):99\u2013107.","journal-title":"Fizyoterapi Rehab."},{"issue":"3","key":"7232_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620x.85b3.13458","volume":"85","author":"SA Hodgson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hodgson SA, Mawson SJ, Stanley D. Rehabilitation after two-part fractures of the neck of the humerus. J bone joint surg British. 2003;85(3):419\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/0301-620x.85b3.13458.","journal-title":"J bone joint surg British."},{"issue":"3","key":"7232_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2014.07.003","volume":"24","author":"JF Henseler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Henseler JF, Kolk A, van der Zwaal P, Nagels J, Vliet Vlieland TP, Nelissen RG. The minimal detectable change of the constant score in impingement, full-thickness tears, and massive rotator cuff tears. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2015;24(3):376\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jse.2014.07.003.","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elb Surg."},{"issue":"11","key":"7232_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2018.04.001","volume":"27","author":"HJ Aguado","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aguado HJ, Ari\u00f1o B, Moreno-Mateo F, Bustinza EY, Sim\u00f3n-P\u00e9rez C, Mart\u00ednez-Zarzuela M, et al. Does an early mobilization and immediate home-based self-therapy exercise program displace proximal humeral fractures in conservative treatment? Observational study. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2018;27(11):2021\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jse.2018.04.001.","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elb Surg."},{"issue":"4","key":"7232_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s10195-017-0468-5","volume":"18","author":"RN Kruithof","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kruithof RN, Formijne Jonkers HA, van der Ven DJC, van Olden GDJ, Timmers TK. Functional and quality of life outcome after non-operatively managed proximal humeral fractures. J orthopaed traumatol. 2017;18(4):423\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10195-017-0468-5.","journal-title":"J orthopaed traumatol."},{"issue":"10","key":"7232_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e318210ed2f","volume":"25","author":"C Torrens","year":"2011","unstructured":"Torrens C, Corrales M, Vil\u00e0 G, Santana F, C\u00e1ceres E. Functional and quality-of-life results of displaced and nondisplaced proximal humeral fractures treated conservatively. J Orthop Trauma. 2011;25(10):581\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BOT.0b013e318210ed2f.","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma."},{"issue":"3","key":"7232_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/os.12486","volume":"11","author":"BS Fu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fu BS, Jia HL, Zhou DS, Liu FX. Surgical and non-surgical treatment for 3-part and 4-part fractures of the proximal Humerus: a systematic review of overlapping Meta-analyses. Orthop Surg. 2019;11(3):356\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/os.12486.","journal-title":"Orthop Surg."},{"issue":"3","key":"7232_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.5152\/eurasianjmed.2023.22282","volume":"55","author":"M Tugay","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tugay M, Kul A. Efficacy of interferential current therapy in patients diagnosed with subacromial impingement syndrome. Euras J Med. 2023;55(3):192\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5152\/eurasianjmed.2023.22282.","journal-title":"Euras J Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"7232_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aott.2018.03.005","volume":"52","author":"S Gunay Ucurum","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gunay Ucurum S, Kaya DO, Kayali Y, Askin A, Tekindal MA. Comparison of different electrotherapy methods and exercise therapy in shoulder impingement syndrome: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2018;52(4):249\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aott.2018.03.005.","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc."},{"issue":"4","key":"7232_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2009.03.024","volume":"18","author":"B Hanson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hanson B, Neidenbach P, de Boer P, Stengel D. Functional outcomes after nonoperative management of fractures of the proximal humerus. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2009;18(4):612\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jse.2009.03.024.","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elb Surg."}],"container-title":["BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12891-024-07232-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12891-024-07232-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12891-024-07232-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T08:04:40Z","timestamp":1707293080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12891-024-07232-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7232"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-024-07232-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2474"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2474","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 January 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 February 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study protocol was approved by Ege University Ethics Committee (decision number 14\u20131\/13), and registered on ClinicalTrials.gov  on 17\/09\/2020 (NCT04553497). Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants prior to the enrollment of the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"114"}}