{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T05:47:00Z","timestamp":1757310420942},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716336000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Musculoskelet Disord"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Physiological thoracic kyphosis (TK) allows sagittal balance of human body. Unlike lumbar lordosis (LL), TK has been relatively neglected in the literature. EOS is an imaging technique employing high-sensitivity xenon particles, featured by low-dose exposure combined with high accuracy compared to conventional radiography. The aim of this study was to investigate predictors of TK in patients with phyiological spine morphology\u00a0using EOS imaging.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>EOS images of 455\u00a0patients without spinal anomalies were retrospectively assessed for TK (T1- T12), upper thoracic kyphosis (UTK, T1-T5), lower thoracic kyphosis (LTK, T5-T12), LL (L1-S1) and pelvic incidence (PI). The latter curves were measured by two researchers separately and the average of the two measurements was used for further analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>Spearman non-parametric correlation was estimated for age, PI, LL, LTK, UTK and TK. Multiple robust\u00a0linear regression\u00a0analysis was employed to estimate TK,\u00a0controlling for the effect of\u00a0age, sex, LL and LTK.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The mean age of patients was 28.3\u2009\u00b1\u200919.2\u00a0years and 302 (66.4%) of them were females. The mean TK, UTK and LTK was 45.5\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20099.3, 16\u2009\u00b1\u20097.4\u00b0 and 29.7\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20098.9, respectively. The mean UTK in people under 40 years of age was 17.0\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20097.2,\u00a0whereas for patients 40+ years old\u00a0it was 13.6\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20097.4. At univariable analysis TK positively correlated with UTK\u00a0(p&lt;0.001), LTK\u00a0(p&lt;0.001) an LL\u00a0(p&lt;0.001). At multivariable linear regression TK increased with LTK (RC\u2009=\u20090.67; 95%CI: 0.59; 0.75) or LL (RC\u2009=\u20090.12; 95%CI: 0.06; 0.18), whereas it decreased with age (RC\u2009=\u2009-0.06; 95%CI: -0.09;\u20140.02).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>If EOS technology is available, the above linear regression model could be used to estimate TK based upon\u00a0information on age, sex, LL and LTK. Alternatively, TK could be estimated by adding\u00a0to LTK 17.0\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20097.4 for patients\u2009&lt;\u200940\u00a0years of age, or 13.6\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20097.4 in patients 40\u2009+\u2009years\u00a0old.\u00a0The evidence from the present study may be used as reference\u00a0for research purposes and clinical practice, including spine\u00a0examination of\u00a0particular occupational categories or\u00a0athletes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-024-07490-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T09:01:42Z","timestamp":1716368502000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Estimating thoracic kyphosis without information on upper thoracic kyphosis: an observational study on 455 patients examined by EOS imaging"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Hasan","family":"Ghandhari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Javanbakht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farshad","family":"Nikouei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammadreza","family":"Shakeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Cegolon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Motalebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"7490_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-7161-4-6","volume":"4","author":"ES Vasiliadis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vasiliadis ES, Grivas TB, Kaspiris A. 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