{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T08:52:28Z","timestamp":1785487948060,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Musculoskelet Disord"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-024-07552-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T04:13:07Z","timestamp":1722571987000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comparison of balance and proprioception of the shoulder joint in girls with and without upper cross syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Zahra","family":"khosravi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebrahim","family":"Mohammad Ali Nasab Firouzjah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morteza Homayounnia","family":"Firouzjah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"7552_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmadi H, Yalfani A, Gandomi F. The Effect of Eight-Week Corrective Exercises Carried out in Water on Pain, Neck Flexors Endurance and Upper Extremity Range of Motion in patient with Upper crossed syndrome. Volume 27. The Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences; 2019. pp. 1381\u201394. 3.","DOI":"10.18502\/ssu.v27i3.1193"},{"issue":"6","key":"7552_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjpt.2017.08.001","volume":"21","author":"S Sahrmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sahrmann S, Azevedo DC, Dillen LV. Diagnosis and treatment of movement system impairment syndromes. Braz J Phys Ther. 2017;21(6):391\u20139.","journal-title":"Braz J Phys Ther"},{"key":"7552_CR3","first-page":"80","volume":"21","author":"JE Muscolino","year":"2015","unstructured":"Muscolino JE. Upper crossed syndrome. J Australian Traditional-medicine Soc. 2015;21:80.","journal-title":"J Australian Traditional-medicine Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"7552_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2015.08.008","volume":"19","author":"CE Morris","year":"2015","unstructured":"Morris CE, Bonnefin D, Darville C. The Torsional Upper crossed syndrome: a multi-planar update to Janda\u2019s model, with a case series introduction of the mid-pectoral fascial lesion as an associated etiological factor. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2015;19(4):681\u20139.","journal-title":"J Bodyw Mov Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"7552_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-023-06592-7","volume":"24","author":"MH Firouzjah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Firouzjah MH, Firouzjah EMAN, Ebrahimi Z. The effect of a course of selected corrective exercises on posture, scapula-humeral rhythm and performance of adolescent volleyball players with upper cross syndrome. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2023;24(1):1\u20139.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"7552_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.28.1636","volume":"28","author":"WS Bae","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bae WS, et al. The effect of middle and lower trapezius strength exercises and levator scapulae and upper trapezius stretching exercises in upper crossed syndrome. J Phys Ther Sci. 2016;28(5):1636\u20139.","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"key":"7552_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kartika SV, Padmanabhan SS, Ramanathan K. KJSJoSM, Impact of upper crossed syndrome on pulmonary function among the recreational male players: a preliminary report.18(2):71. 2018.","DOI":"10.4103\/sjsm.sjsm_51_17"},{"key":"7552_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khawar A et al. Association of upper cross syndrome with prolonged sitting among young adults. Pakistan Biomedical J, 2022: p. 370\u20134.","DOI":"10.54393\/pbmj.v5i1.218"},{"issue":"15","key":"7552_CR9","first-page":"57","volume":"16","author":"C Alyarnezhad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alyarnezhad C, Daneshmandi H, Samami N. The comparision of upper cross syndrome in children with visual and hearing impairments with normal counterparts. Res Sport Med Technol. 2018;16(15):57\u201365.","journal-title":"Res Sport Med Technol"},{"key":"7552_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2007.00182.x","volume":"77","author":"J Kratenov\u00e1","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kratenov\u00e1 J, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of poor posture in School Children in the Czech Republic. J Sch Health. 2007;77:131\u20137.","journal-title":"J Sch Health"},{"key":"7552_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rpped.2014.11.012","volume":"33","author":"JA Sedrez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sedrez JA, et al. Risk factors associated with structural postural changes in the spinal column of children and adolescents. Revista Paulista De Pediatria. 2015;33:72\u201381.","journal-title":"Revista Paulista De Pediatria"},{"issue":"3","key":"7552_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.12965\/jer.140113","volume":"10","author":"HC Park","year":"2014","unstructured":"Park HC, et al. The effect of complex training on the children with all of the deformities including forward head, rounded shoulder posture, and lumbar lordosis. J Exerc Rehabil. 2014;10(3):172\u20135.","journal-title":"J Exerc Rehabil"},{"key":"7552_CR13","unstructured":"El-Hamalawy FA. Forward head correction exercises for management of myogenic tempromandibular joint dysfunction 2011."},{"issue":"1","key":"7552_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-017-4253-3","volume":"29","author":"C McDaniels-Davidson","year":"2018","unstructured":"McDaniels-Davidson C, et al. Kyphosis and incident falls among community-dwelling older adults. Osteoporos Int. 2018;29(1):163\u20139.","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"7552_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2015.01.009","volume":"20","author":"NC Clark","year":"2015","unstructured":"Clark NC, R\u00f6ijezon U, Treleaven J. Proprioception in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. Part 2: clinical assessment and intervention. Man Therap. 2015;20(3):378\u201387.","journal-title":"Man Therap"},{"issue":"3","key":"7552_CR16","first-page":"36","volume":"6","author":"A Yalfani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yalfani A, Ahmadnezhad L, Gholami B, Borujeni. The immediate effect of balance training on ankle joint proprioception in soccer players. J Paramedical Sci Rehabilitation. 2017;6(3):36\u201343.","journal-title":"J Paramedical Sci Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"11","key":"7552_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.26.1741","volume":"26","author":"MY Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee MY, Lee HY, Yong MS. Characteristics of cervical position sense in subjects with forward head posture. J Phys Ther Sci. 2014;26(11):1741\u20133.","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"key":"7552_CR18","unstructured":"Muscolino J. Upper crossed syndrome. J Australian Traditional-Medicine Soc, 2015. 21(2)."},{"issue":"2","key":"7552_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjpt.2019.02.002","volume":"24","author":"BAJ Murta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Murta BAJ, et al. Influence of reducing anterior pelvic tilt on shoulder posture and the electromyographic activity of scapular upward rotators. Braz J Phys Ther. 2020;24(2):135\u201343.","journal-title":"Braz J Phys Ther"},{"key":"7552_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e938802","DOI":"10.12659\/MSMBR.938802","volume":"29","author":"B Thanasarn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thanasarn B, et al. A prospective study of 73 patients to compare Forward Head Angle, Forward Shoulder Angle, maximal Inspiratory pressure, and self-reported breathing-related symptoms before and after Open-Heart surgery. Med Sci Monit Basic Res. 2023;29:e938802.","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit Basic Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"7552_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4103\/1110-6611.196778","volume":"21","author":"RMA Elrahim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Elrahim RMA, et al. Inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of Kinovea software for measurement of shoulder range of motion. Bull Fac Phys Therapy. 2016;21(2):80\u20137.","journal-title":"Bull Fac Phys Therapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"7552_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e318299a52e","volume":"28","author":"C Balsalobre-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Balsalobre-Fern\u00e1ndez C, et al. The concurrent validity and reliability of a low-cost, high-speed camera-based method for measuring the flight time of vertical jumps. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28(2):528\u201333.","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"7552_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elpeze G, Usgu G. The Effect of a Comprehensive Corrective Exercise Program on Kyphosis Angle and Balance in Kyphotic adolescents. Healthcare. MDPI; 2022.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10122478"},{"key":"7552_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2020.102216","volume":"49","author":"YFK Shahri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shahri YFK, Hesar NGZ. Validity and reliability of smartphone-based Goniometer-Pro app for measuring the thoracic kyphosis. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2020;49:102216.","journal-title":"Musculoskelet Sci Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"7552_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738115571508","volume":"7","author":"NK Khanna","year":"2015","unstructured":"Khanna NK, Baumgartner K, LaBella CR. Balance Error Scoring System performance in children and adolescents with no history of Concussion. Sports Health. 2015;7(4):341\u20135.","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"7552_CR26","unstructured":"Sabin MJ. Reliability and validity of the condition-modified Star Excursion Balance Test: influence of concussion history. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 2011."},{"issue":"3","key":"7552_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738111403122","volume":"3","author":"DR Bell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bell DR, et al. Systematic review of the balance error scoring system. Sports Health. 2011;3(3):287\u201395.","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"7552_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.12674\/ptk.2020.27.4.286","volume":"27","author":"J-s Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim J-s, et al. Static and dynamic balance comparison between the involved and Uninvolved sides in patients who had Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: one-year follow-up study. Phys Therapy Korea. 2020;27(4):286\u201391.","journal-title":"Phys Therapy Korea"},{"issue":"2","key":"7552_CR29","first-page":"92","volume":"4","author":"PJ Plisky","year":"2009","unstructured":"Plisky PJ, et al. The reliability of an instrumented device for measuring components of the star excursion balance test. N Am J Sports Phys Ther. 2009;4(2):92\u20139.","journal-title":"N Am J Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"7552_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-13-00222","volume":"178","author":"SW Shaffer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shaffer SW, et al. Y-balance test: a reliability study involving multiple raters. Mil Med. 2013;178(11):1264\u201370.","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"7552_CR31","first-page":"331","volume":"1","author":"AC Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee AC, Ong KB. The test-retest reliability of \u2018y-balance test\u2019as dynamic balance measure on Malaysian primary school children. J Teach Educ. 2012;1(7):331\u20137.","journal-title":"J Teach Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"7552_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2009.10.001","volume":"11","author":"L Herrington","year":"2010","unstructured":"Herrington L, Horsley I, Rolf C. Evaluation of shoulder joint position sense in both asymptomatic and rehabilitated professional rugby players and matched controls. Phys Ther Sport. 2010;11(1):18\u201322.","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"issue":"4","key":"7552_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2016.1241744","volume":"49","author":"VWT Chu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chu VWT. Assessing proprioception in children: a review. J Mot Behav. 2017;49(4):458\u201366.","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"7552_CR34","first-page":"311","volume":"8","author":"AA Fabunmi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fabunmi AA, Badmus OA. Static and dynamic balance between older individuals with and without chronic low back pain at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. Medicine. 2019;8(2):311\u20135.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"7552_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.5606\/ArchRheumatol.2018.6720","volume":"33","author":"C Toprak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Toprak C, Duru\u00f6z MT, G\u00fcnd\u00fcz OH. Static and dynamic Balance disorders in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and relationships with lower extremity function and deformities: a prospective controlled study. Arch Rheumatol. 2018;33(3):328\u201334.","journal-title":"Arch Rheumatol"},{"key":"7552_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.32598\/biomechanics.4.4.54","volume":"4","author":"R Hosseini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hosseini R, Norasteh A, Nemati N. Comparing the balance of male athletes aged 11\u201314 years with and without Genu Varum. J Sport Biomech. 2019;4:54\u201365.","journal-title":"J Sport Biomech"},{"key":"7552_CR37","unstructured":"Neupane S, Ali UTI, Mathew A. Text Neck Syndrome - Syst Rev Imperial J Interdisciplinary Res, 2017. 3."},{"issue":"3","key":"7552_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1519\/00139143-200831030-00003","volume":"31","author":"TM Nemmers","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nemmers TM, Miller JW. Factors influencing balance in healthy community-dwelling women age 60 and older. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2008;31(3):93\u2013100.","journal-title":"J Geriatr Phys Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"7552_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2012.36.1.98","volume":"36","author":"JH Kang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kang JH, et al. The effect of the forward head posture on postural balance in long time computer based worker. Ann Rehabil Med. 2012;36(1):98\u2013104.","journal-title":"Ann Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"7552_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e31829233ee","volume":"92","author":"R Eum","year":"2013","unstructured":"Eum R, et al. Is kyphosis related to mobility, balance, and disability? Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;92(11):980\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"7552_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.28.274","volume":"28","author":"J-H Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee J-H. Effects of forward head posture on static and dynamic balance control. J Phys Therapy Sci. 2016;28:274\u20137.","journal-title":"J Phys Therapy Sci"},{"key":"7552_CR42","unstructured":"Overlock JA. The relationship between balance and fundamental motor skills in children five to nine years of age 2004."},{"key":"7552_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szabo DA. The importance of motor behavior and balance training in the acquisition of physical activity\/sports-related motor skills among children\u2013review. Volume 22. Health, Sports & Rehabilitation Medicine; 2021. 4.","DOI":"10.26659\/pm3.2021.22.4.242"},{"issue":"5","key":"7552_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1093\/tbm\/ibz198","volume":"10","author":"DX Marquez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marquez DX, et al. A systematic review of physical activity and quality of life and well-being. Translational Behav Med. 2020;10(5):1098\u2013109.","journal-title":"Translational Behav Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"7552_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-003-1814-9","volume":"157","author":"D Falla","year":"2004","unstructured":"Falla D, Jull G, Hodges PW. Feedforward activity of the cervical flexor muscles during voluntary arm movements is delayed in chronic neck pain. Exp Brain Res. 2004;157(1):43\u20138.","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"7552_CR46","first-page":"57","volume":"12","author":"DR Murphy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Murphy DR. A clinical model for the diagnosis and management of patients with cervical spine syndromes. Australas Chiropr Osteopathy. 2004;12(2):57\u201371.","journal-title":"Australas Chiropr Osteopathy"},{"issue":"10","key":"7552_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2004.07.008","volume":"19","author":"M Birtane","year":"2004","unstructured":"Birtane M, Tuna H. The evaluation of plantar pressure distribution in obese and non-obese adults. Clin Biomech (Bristol Avon). 2004;19(10):1055\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol Avon)"},{"issue":"2","key":"7552_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.28.438","volume":"28","author":"SY Gu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gu SY, Hwangbo G, Lee JH. Relationship between position sense and reposition errors according to the degree of upper crossed syndrome. J Phys Ther Sci. 2016;28(2):438\u201341.","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"7552_CR49","first-page":"48","volume":"16","author":"B Shaghayegh-Fard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shaghayegh-Fard B, et al. The evaluation of cervical position sense in Forward Head posture subjects and compares it with normal subjects. Archives Rehabilitation. 2015;16(1):48\u201357.","journal-title":"Archives Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"4","key":"7552_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/21679169.2017.1334818","volume":"19","author":"C Moreira","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moreira C, et al. Do patients with chronic neck pain have distorted body image and tactile dysfunction? Eur J Physiotherapy. 2017;19(4):215\u201321.","journal-title":"Eur J Physiotherapy"},{"key":"7552_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-020-00230-z","volume":"10","author":"B Peng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peng B, et al. Cervical proprioception impairment in neck pain-pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, and management: a narrative review. Pain Therapy. 2021;10:143\u201364.","journal-title":"Pain Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"7552_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1123\/mc.2021-0008","volume":"26","author":"A Alizadeh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alizadeh A, et al. Visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive dependency of the control of posture in chronic neck pain patients. Motor Control. 2022;26(3):362\u201377.","journal-title":"Motor Control"}],"container-title":["BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12891-024-07552-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12891-024-07552-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12891-024-07552-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T04:16:30Z","timestamp":1722572190000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12891-024-07552-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7552"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-024-07552-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2474"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2474","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 October 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 May 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 August 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"We confirm that all experiments were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Authors confirm experiments on humans and the use of human tissue samples confirm that all experiments were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by ethics committee of Sports Sciences Research Institute of Iran with code of ethics, No: IR.SSRC.REC.1401. 10. Also, all methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations and the study procedures were explained, and informed consent was obtained from all participants and their parents prior to study initiation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"This attesting to informed consent from all subjects and\/or their legal guardian(s) for publication of identifying information\/images in an online open-access publication.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"618"}}