{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T09:25:34Z","timestamp":1770283534877,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735516800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006389","name":"University of Geneva","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006389","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Musculoskelet Disord"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Trochlear dysplasia is found in 3.2% (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2\u20136.7) of the general population and linked to patellar instability and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of radiographic trochlear dysplasia in patients with patellar fractures. Secondary outcome was to evaluate the prevalence of trochlear dysplasia in different type of patellar fracture.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>All consecutive 18-year-old or older patients treated in a level-1 trauma center for patellar fracture between 2003 and 2016 were retrospectively evaluated. Trochlear dysplasia was assessed according to Dejour\u2019s classification on a strict lateral knee x-ray. Patellar fractures were analyzed on AP, lateral and axial knee x-rays and classified on pattern and displacement. Patellar dislocation at time of injury was recorded.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Out of 482 patellar fractures, a strict lateral knee x-ray was found in 166 cases (50.6% women, mean age 56years +\/-21, 51% right knee). Nineteen cases had trochlear dysplasia (11.5%, 95% CI 6.9\u201317.9): 10 high-grade trochlear dysplasia meaning type B, C and D (6.0%, 95% CI 2.4\u20139.7%); 15 without dislocation (9.3%, 95% CI 5.2\u201315.3). Patellar fracture distribution showed 17 transverse non-displaced (10.2%), 38 transverse displaced (22.9%), 15 avulsion (9%), 27 multifragmented non-displaced (16.3%), 56 multi-fragmented displaced (33.7%), 7 vertical (4.2%) and 6 osteochondral (3.6%) fractures. Four dislocations were recorded, all had osteochondral fractures and trochlear dysplasia. When considering patellar fractures with dislocation, the incidence of osteochondral lesions was significantly higher in patients with trochlear dysplasia (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). This is not true for any other type of patellar fracture (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.138).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study suggests that there is a significant prevalence of trochlear dysplasia in patients with patellar fractures. This study also suggests that the pattern of patellar fracture is not influenced by the presence of trochlear dysplasia, except for osteochondral fractures associated with patello-femoral dislocations.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-024-08204-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T21:54:10Z","timestamp":1735595650000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The prevalence of radiographic trochlear dysplasia in patients with patellar fractures"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Morello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthieu","family":"Zingg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Tscholl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"8204_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-201101000-00002","volume":"19","author":"M Bollier","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bollier M, Fulkerson JP. The role of trochlear dysplasia in patellofemoral instability. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2011;19:8\u201316.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"8204_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/ort.1972.43.suppl-143.01","volume":"143","author":"A Bostr\u00f6m","year":"1972","unstructured":"Bostr\u00f6m A. Fracture of the patella (1972). A study of 422 patellar fractures. Acta Orthop Scand 143(suppl):1\u201380.","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"key":"8204_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.216.2.r00au07582","volume":"216","author":"Y Carillon","year":"2000","unstructured":"Carillon Y, Abidi H, Dejour D, Fantino O, Moyen B, Tran-Mihn VA. Patellar instability: assessment on MR images by measuring the lateral trochlear inclination: initial experience. Radiology. 2000;216:582\u20135.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"8204_CR4","first-page":"45","volume":"76","author":"H Dejour","year":"1990","unstructured":"Dejour H, Walch G, Neyret P, Adeleine P. Dysplasia of the femoral trochlea. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot. 1990;76:45\u201354.","journal-title":"Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot"},{"issue":"1","key":"8204_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01552649","volume":"2","author":"H Dejour","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dejour H, Walch G, Nove-Josserand L, Guier C. Factors of patellar instability: an anatomic radiographic study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1994;2(1):19\u201326.","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"issue":"1","key":"8204_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/JSA.0b013e31803035ae","volume":"15","author":"D Dejour","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dejour D, Le Coultre B. (2007). Osteotomies in patellofemoral instabilities. Sports Med Arhrosc; 15(1):39\u201346.","journal-title":"Sports Med Arhrosc"},{"key":"8204_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Goldblatt JP, Richmond JC. Anatomy and biomechanics of the knee. Operative Techniques in Sports Medicine. 2003;11(3):172\u201386.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/otsm.2003.35911.","DOI":"10.1053\/otsm.2003.35911"},{"issue":"3","key":"8204_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100040314","volume":"4","author":"SA Goldstein","year":"1986","unstructured":"Goldstein SA, Coale E, Weiss AP, Grossnickle M, Meller B, Matthews LS. (1986). Patellar surface strains. J Orthop Res. 4(3):372\u20137).","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"8204_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658601400204","volume":"12","author":"RJ Hawkins","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hawkins RJ, Bell RH, Anisette G. Acute patellar dislocations. 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Informed consent was waived by the local ethical commission (Research Ethics Commission of Geneva (CCER\u00a0\u00ab\u00a0Commission cantonale d'\u00e9thique de la recherche\u00a0\u00bb) due to retrospective nature of the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors consent the present study for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1091"}}