{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T18:45:20Z","timestamp":1782758720057,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008977","name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Musculoskelet Disord"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Pedicle screws are commonly used in spinal surgeries, but screw loosening remains a major concern, even in non-osteoporotic patients. Predicting pedicle screw stability via the insertion torque is a controversial topic, mainly studied on osteoporotic cadavers. Whether the insertion torque is suitable for patients with healthy bone mineral density (BMD) remains unknown. The aim was to investigate the influencing factors, namely insertion torque, BMD, screw diameter, length, surface area, volume, screw-in rotations, vertebral level, on the screw loosening stability during distractions and to understand if intra-operative predictions are possible.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Non-osteoporotic thoraco-lumbar vertebrae (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200950) were used to implant five different pedicle screws (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009100) while measuring the insertion torque. After embedding the endplates, the force needed to distract the screw head by 1\u00a0mm was tested.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The insertion toque (2.3\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9 Nm) showed the highest influence on the distraction force (324.8\u2009\u00b1\u200984.4\u00a0N) followed by the screw size and vertebral level. BMD did not show any effects.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The linear correlation of insertion torque and the bending force suggests an alternative prediction metric for screw loosening which could improve the outcome of surgeries and patients\u2019 safety. This is potentially a simple, intra-operative method, which can be used in future.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-025-08654-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T06:01:29Z","timestamp":1745560889000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prediction of screw loosening by measuring the insertion torque in non-osteoporotic patients: an in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9033-6569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan Ulrich","family":"Jansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9666-5485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Zengerle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7736-8458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carsten","family":"Hackenbroch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8057-161X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens","family":"Dreyhaupt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4865-4655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youping","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6007-8844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans-Joachim","family":"Wilke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"8654_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-022-07193-z","volume":"31","author":"EP de Kater","year":"2022","unstructured":"de Kater EP, Sakes A, Edstrom E, Elmi-Terander A, Kraan G, Breedveld P. 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The specimens were acquired from body donation programs, where legally valid informed consent was obtained from all participants and\/or their legal guardian(s). (Science Care Inc., Phoenix, USA). All methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations and following the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial number"}}],"article-number":"415"}}