{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T06:10:10Z","timestamp":1747980610622,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747958400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Rzesz\u00f3w University, Poland","award":["INoZ-4\/2024\/W"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INoZ-4\/2024\/W"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Musculoskelet Disord"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The Upper Limb Functional Index (ULFI) is a robust, widely used tool for assessing the functional status of the upper limbs (ULs) and the effectiveness of interventions in patients with musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). This study aimed to translate and culturally adapt the ULFI into Polish (ULFI-PL) and evaluate its psychometric properties and practical characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A total of 127 patients (54% female, <jats:inline-formula>\n                <jats:alternatives>\n                  <jats:tex-math>$$\\overline{x }$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                  <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                    <mml:mover>\n                      <mml:mi>x<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mo>\u00af<\/mml:mo>\n                    <\/mml:mover>\n                  <\/mml:math>\n                <\/jats:alternatives>\n              <\/jats:inline-formula>\u2009=\u200945.07\u2009\u00b1\u200914.97\u00a0years) with various ULMSDs and symptom durations completed the ULFI-PL, the shortened Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire\u2014Polish version (QuickDASH-PL), the Polish version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life\u2014BREF (WHOQOL-BREF-PL), Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS)<jats:italic>,<\/jats:italic> and the seven-point Global Rating of Change (GRC) scale<jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic> The internal consistency, construct validity, and factor structure were assessed in all the participants; the test\u2013retest reliability and measurement error were evaluated in a subgroup (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009112, 2\u20133-day interval); and the responsiveness and interpretability were evaluated in another subgroup (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200956, 8-week interval, after physiotherapy).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The ULFI-PL demonstrated a good internal consistency (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.77) and high construct validity, supported by the confirmation of five out of six a priori hypotheses (83.33%). A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) revealed a unidimensional structure. It also demonstrated a high test\u2013retest reliability (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.85). The measurement error was calculated using the standard error of measurement (SEM\u2009=\u20094.75%) and the minimal detectable change (MDC<jats:sub>95<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u200913.17%). The ULFI-PL showed a high responsiveness after physiotherapy, which was confirmed by the effect size (ES\u2009=\u20092.08) and the standardized response mean (SRM\u2009=\u20091.88). The minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for the ULFI-PL was 28.29% (95% CI: 24.96\u201331.63).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The ULFI-PL is a reliable, valid, and responsive tool for assessing the upper limb function in Polish-speaking patients with ULMSDs and is suitable for use in both clinical and research contexts. The results are consistent with previous studies on the original English version and other language adaptations.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-025-08758-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T05:43:43Z","timestamp":1747979023000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adaptation of the Upper Limb Functional Index (ULFI) to a Polish version and validation in patients with upper limb musculoskeletal disorders"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Bejer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u0119drzej","family":"P\u0142ocki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Kulczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Melloh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"8758_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2018.59.5.669","volume":"59","author":"DK Moon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Moon DK, Park YJ, Song SY, Kim MJ, Park JS, Nam DC, et al. Common Upper Extremity Disorders and Function Affect Upper Extremity-Related Quality of Life: A Community-Based Sample from Rural Areas. Yonsei Med J. 2018;59(5):669\u201376.","journal-title":"Yonsei Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"8758_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.12965\/jer.130060","volume":"9","author":"YH Roh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roh YH. Clinical evaluation of upper limb function: Patient\u2019s impairment, disability and health-related quality of life. J Exerc Rehabil. 2013;9(4):400\u20135.","journal-title":"J Exerc Rehabil"},{"issue":"19","key":"8758_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2014.976719","volume":"37","author":"EC Mayland","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mayland EC, Hay-Smith EJ, Treharne GJ. Recovery-related anxiety and disability following upper limb injury: the importance of context. Disabil Rehabil. 2015;37(19):1753\u20139.","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"8758_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-018-1798-3","volume":"27","author":"CAC Prinsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Prinsen CAC, Mokkink LB, Bouter LM, Alonso J, Patrick DL, de Vet HCW, et al. COSMIN guideline for systematic reviews of patient-reported outcome measures. Qual Life Res. 2018;27(5):1147\u201357.","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"8758_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.4103\/jdmimsu.jdmimsu_671_22","volume":"18","author":"WM Naqvi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Naqvi WM, Sahu A, Arora SP. Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Physiotherapy: An Overview. Journal of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences University. 2023;18(2):331\u20136.","journal-title":"Journal of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences University"},{"key":"8758_CR6","first-page":"20","volume":"20","author":"A Bejer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bejer A, Probachta M, Kulczyk M, Griffin S. The Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index (WORC), the Polish language version Issue Rehabil Orthop Neurophysiol. Sport Promot. 2017;20:20\u20139.","journal-title":"Sport Promot"},{"issue":"1","key":"8758_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-018-2238-9","volume":"19","author":"A Bejer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bejer A, Probachta M, Kulczyk M, Griffin S, Domka-Jopek E, P\u0142ocki J. Validation of the Polish version of the Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index in patients following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2018;19(1):333.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"8758_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1790040403","volume":"4","author":"KE Roach","year":"1991","unstructured":"Roach KE, Budiman-Mak E, Songsiridej N, Lertratanakul Y. Development of a shoulder pain and disability index. Arthritis Care Res. 1991;4(4):143\u20139.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"8758_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S1836-9553(11)70045-5","volume":"57","author":"JD Breckenridge","year":"2011","unstructured":"Breckenridge JD, McAuley JH. Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI). J Physiother. 2011;57(3):197.","journal-title":"J Physiother"},{"issue":"3","key":"8758_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1197\/j.jht.2006.04.001","volume":"19","author":"CP Gabel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gabel CP, Michener LA, Burkett B, Neller A. The Upper Limb Functional Index: development and determination of reliability, validity, and responsiveness. J Hand Ther. 2006;19(3):328\u201349.","journal-title":"J Hand Ther"},{"key":"8758_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pransky G, Feuerstein M, Himmelstein J, Katz JN, Vickers-Lahti M. Measuring functional outcomes in work-related upper extremity disorders. Development and validation of the Upper Extremity Function Scale. J Occup Environ Med 1997;39(12):1195\u2013202.","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-199712000-00014"},{"key":"8758_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hudak PL, Amadio PC, Bombardier C. Development of an upper extremity outcome measure: the DASH (disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand) [corrected]. The Upper Extremity Collaborative Group (UECG). Am J Ind Med. 1996;29(6):602\u20138.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0274(199606)29:6<602::AID-AJIM4>3.0.CO;2-L"},{"key":"8758_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beaton DE, Wright JG, Katz JN & Upper Extremity Collaborative Group. Development of the QuickDASH: comparison of three item-reduction approaches. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87(5): 1038\u201346.","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.D.02060"},{"issue":"1","key":"8758_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2009.09.007","volume":"23","author":"CP Gabel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gabel CP, Michener LA, Melloh M, Burkett B. Modification of the Upper Limb Functional Index to a three-point response improves clinimetric properties. J Hand Ther. 2010;23(1):41\u201352.","journal-title":"J Hand Ther"},{"key":"8758_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-11-126","volume":"11","author":"AI Cuesta-Vargas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cuesta-Vargas AI, Gabel PC. Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability and validity of the Spanish version of the Upper Limb Functional Index. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2013;11:126.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"8758_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2013.12.005","volume":"27","author":"T Hamasaki","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hamasaki T, Demers L, Filiatrault J, Aubin G. A cross-cultural adaptation of the Upper Limb Functional Index in French Canadian. J Hand Ther. 2014;27:247\u201353.","journal-title":"J Hand Ther"},{"issue":"12","key":"8758_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2014.948142","volume":"37","author":"T Hamasaki","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hamasaki T, Demers L, Filiatrault J. Test\u2013retest reliability and responsiveness of a French Canadian Upper Limb Functional Index (ULFI-FC). Disabil Rehabil. 2014;37(12):1090\u20136.","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"8758_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2014.11.001","volume":"28","author":"E Tonga","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tonga E, Durut\u00fcrk N, Gabel PC, Tekinda A. Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Upper Limb Functional Index (ULFI). J Hand Ther. 2015;28(3):279\u201385.","journal-title":"J Hand Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"8758_CR19","first-page":"15","volume":"37","author":"F Sartorio","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sartorio F, Moroso M, Vercelli S, Bravini E, Medina ME, Spalek R, et al. Adattamento cross-culturale e validazione in lingua italiana dell \u2018Upper Limb Functional Index (ULFI-I) [Cross-cultural adaptation, and validity of the Italian version of the Upper Limb Functional Index (ULFI-I)]. G Ital Med Lav Ergon. 2015;37(2):15\u20139.","journal-title":"G Ital Med Lav Ergon"},{"issue":"6","key":"8758_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.29.1062","volume":"29","author":"TS In","year":"2017","unstructured":"In TS, Jung JH, Kim KJ, Lee CR, Jung KS, Cho HY. The reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Upper Limb Functional Index. J Phys Ther Sci. 2017;29(6):1062\u20135.","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"key":"8758_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2021.102452","volume":"56","author":"HY Takahasi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Takahasi HY, Fidelis-de-Paula-Gomes CA, Gabel CF, Dibai-Filho AV. Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Upper Limb Functional Index (ULFI) into Brazilian Portuguese in patients with chronic upper limb musculoskeletal disorders. Musculoskeletal Science and Practice. 2021;56: 102452.","journal-title":"Musculoskeletal Science and Practice"},{"issue":"2","key":"8758_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1177\/1758998320986832","volume":"26","author":"HR Mokhtarinia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mokhtarinia HR, Zareiyan A, Gabel CP. Cross-cultural adaptation, validity, and reliability of the Persian version of the Upper Limb Functional Index. Hand Ther. 2021;26(2):43\u201352.","journal-title":"Hand Ther"},{"key":"8758_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-022-05628-8","volume":"23","author":"A Arooj","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arooj A, Amjad F, Tanveer F, Arslan AU, Ahmad A, Gilani SA. Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of Urdu version of upper limb functional index; a validity and reliability study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2022;23:691.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"8758_CR24","volume":"93","author":"YA Albahrani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Albahrani YA, Alshami AM. Cross-cultural adaptation of the upper limb functional index in Arabic. Acta Biomedica Atenei Parmensis. 2022;93: e2022307.","journal-title":"Acta Biomedica Atenei Parmensis"},{"key":"8758_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-023-06969-8","volume":"24","author":"YA Albahrani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Albahrani YA, Alshami AM. Construct validity, test\u2013retest reliability, and responsiveness of the Arabic version of the upper limb functional index. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2023;24:855.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"8758_CR26","volume":"15","author":"G Chamogeorgakis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chamogeorgakis G, Karanasios S, Theotokatos G, Vasilogeorgis I, Korakakis V. Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Measurement Properties of the Upper Limb Functional Index (ULFI) for Greek-Speaking Patients. Cureus. 2023;15(6): e40029.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"8758_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golicki D, Krzysiak M, Strzelczyk P. Translation and cultural adaptation of the Polish version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) and QuickDASH questionnaires. Ortopedia Traumatologia Rehabilitacja 2014;16(4):387\u201395. 10.","DOI":"10.5604\/15093492.1119616"},{"key":"8758_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2005.04054.x","volume":"8","author":"D Wild","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wild D, Grove A, Martin M, Eremenco S, McElroy S, Verjee-Lorenz A, et al. Principles of Good Practice for the Translation and Cultural Adaptation Process for Patient-Reported Outcomes (PRO) Measures: Report of the ISPOR Task Force for Translation and Cultural Adaptation. Value in Health. 2005;8:94\u2013104.","journal-title":"Value in Health"},{"key":"8758_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment. The WHOQOL Group. Psychol Med. 1998;28(3):551\u20138.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291798006667"},{"key":"8758_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6712.2006.00401.x","volume":"20","author":"K Jaracz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jaracz K, Kalfoss M, G\u00f3rna K, B\u0105czyk G. Quality of life in Polish respondents: psychometric properties of the Polish WHOQOL\u2013Bref. Scand J Caring Sci. 2006;20:251\u201360.","journal-title":"Scand J Caring Sci"},{"key":"8758_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1179\/jmt.2009.17.3.163","volume":"17","author":"SJ Kamper","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kamper SJ, Maher CG, Mackay G. Global Rating of Change Scales: A Review of Strengths and Weaknesses and Considerations for Design. J Man Manip Ther. 2009;17:163\u201370.","journal-title":"J Man Manip Ther"},{"key":"8758_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hjermstad MJ, Fayers PM, Haugen DF, Caraceni A, Hanks GW, Loge JH, et al. European Palliative Care Research Collaborative (EPCRC). Studies comparing Numerical Rating Scales, Verbal Rating Scales, and Visual Analogue Scales for assessment of pain intensity in adults: a systematic literature review. J Pain Symptom Manage 2011;41(6):1073\u201393.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2010.08.016"},{"key":"8758_CR33","unstructured":"R Core Team R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria.\u00a0Available online: https:\/\/www.R-project.org (accessed on 2022)."},{"key":"8758_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2006.03.012","volume":"60","author":"CB Terwee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Terwee CB, Bot SD, de Boer MR, van der Windt DA, Knol DL, Dekker J, et al. Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires. J Clin Epidemiol. 2007;60:34\u201342.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"8758_CR35","unstructured":"Portney LG, Watkins MP. Foundations of clinical research: Applications to practice, 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA: Pearson Prentice Hall Health; 2009."},{"key":"8758_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511996214","volume-title":"Measurement in Medicine: A Practical Guide","author":"HCW de Vet","year":"2011","unstructured":"de Vet HCW, Terwee CB, Mokkink LB, Knol DL. Measurement in Medicine: A Practical Guide. New York, USA: Cambridge University Press; 2011."},{"key":"8758_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjem.2018.08.001","volume":"18","author":"H Akoglu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akoglu H. User\u2019s guide to correlation coefficients. Turk J Emerg Med. 2018;18:91\u20133.","journal-title":"Turk J Emerg Med"},{"key":"8758_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-015-0619-7","volume":"48","author":"CH Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li CH. Confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data: comparing robust maximum likelihood and diagonally weighted least squares. Behav Res Methods. 2016;48:936\u201349.","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"8758_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","volume":"6","author":"LT Hu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hu LT, Bentler PM. Cut off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Modeling. 1999;6:1\u201355.","journal-title":"Struct Equ Modeling"},{"key":"8758_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(99)00206-1","volume":"53","author":"JA Husted","year":"2000","unstructured":"Husted JA, Cook RJ, Farewell VT, Gladman DD. Methods for assessing responsiveness: A critical review and recommendations. J Clin Epidemiol. 2000;53:459\u201368.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"8758_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.03.012","volume":"61","author":"D Revicki","year":"2008","unstructured":"Revicki D. Recommended methods for determining responsiveness and minimally important differences for patient-reported outcomes. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008;61:102\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"8758_CR42","unstructured":"Mokkink LB, Prinsen CAC, Patrick DL, Alonso J, Bouter LM, de Vet HCW, et al. COSMIN Study Design checklist for Patient-reported outcome measurement instruments. Version Jul 2019. https:\/\/www.cosmin.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/COSMIN-study-designing-checklist_final.\u00a0pdf (Accessed on 21 Feb 2024)."}],"container-title":["BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12891-025-08758-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12891-025-08758-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12891-025-08758-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T05:43:47Z","timestamp":1747979027000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12891-025-08758-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8758"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-025-08758-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2474"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2474","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Rzeszow University (protocol code: 5\/03\/2021 and date of approval: 25 March.2021). Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial number"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"506"}}