{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T04:14:03Z","timestamp":1779336843993,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,21]],"date-time":"2015-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442793600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12893-015-0091-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,21]],"date-time":"2015-09-21T13:34:17Z","timestamp":1442842457000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Chronic neuropathic ulcer is not the most common antecedent of lower limb infection or amputation among diabetics admitted to a regional hospital in Jamaica: results from a prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"East","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Delroy A.","family":"Fray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dwayne E.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chapman A.","family":"Longmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"91_CR1","first-page":"16","volume":"50","author":"M Pena","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pena M. The Caribbean declaration on universal foot care and amputation prevention. \u201cAmputation is a tragedy not a treatment\u201d the global village model. West Indian Med J. 2001;50 Suppl 1:16\u20137.","journal-title":"West Indian Med J"},{"key":"91_CR2","first-page":"216","volume":"62","author":"TS Ferguson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ferguson TS, Tulloch-Reid MK, Younger NO, Wright-Pascoe RA, Boyne MS, McFarlane SR, et al. Diabetic foot complications among patients attending a specialist diabetes clinic in Jamaica: prevalence and associated factors. West Indian Med J. 2013;62:216\u201323.","journal-title":"West Indian Med J"},{"key":"91_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.11.2636","volume":"27","author":"AJ Hennis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hennis AJ, Fraser HS, Jonnalagadda R, Fuller J, Chaturvedi N. Explanations for the high risk of diabetes-related amputation in a Caribbean population of black african descent and potential for prevention. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2636\u201341.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"91_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2253","volume":"28","author":"K Bakker","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bakker K, Apelqvist J, Schaper NC. Practical guidelines on the management and prevention of the diabetic foot 2011. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2012;28 Suppl 1:225\u201331.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"91_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301420","volume":"104","author":"DJ Gaskin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gaskin DJ, Thorpe Jr RJ, McGinty EE, Bower K, Rohde C, Young JH, et al. Disparities in diabetes: the nexus of race, poverty, and place. Am J Public Health. 2013;104(11):2147\u201355.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"91_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12507","volume":"31","author":"L Amin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Amin L, Shah BR, Bierman AS, Lipscombe LL, Fangyun WC, Feig DS, et al. Gender differences in the impact of poverty on health: disparities in risk of diabetes-related amputation. Diabet Med. 2014;31(11):1410\u20137.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"91_CR7","first-page":"60","volume":"40","author":"SI Alleyne","year":"1991","unstructured":"Alleyne SI, Gregg R, Grell K, Cruickshank JK, Morrison EY. Jamaican patients\u2019 understanding of diabetes mellitus. West Indian Med J. 1991;40:60\u20134.","journal-title":"West Indian Med J"},{"key":"91_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1590\/S0043-31442006000500008","volume":"55","author":"YB Wint","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wint YB, Duff EM, McFarlane-Anderson N, O\u2019Connor A, Bailey EY, Wright-Pascoe RA. Knowledge, motivation and barriers to diabetes control in adults in Jamaica. West Indian Med J. 2006;55:330\u20133.","journal-title":"West Indian Med J"},{"key":"91_CR9","first-page":"541","volume":"60","author":"L Mowatt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mowatt L, Nelson-Imoru J, Gordon-Strachan G. Glaucoma medication compliance issues in a Jamaican hospital eye clinic. West Indian Med J. 2011;60:541\u20137.","journal-title":"West Indian Med J"},{"key":"91_CR10","first-page":"841","volume":"139","author":"MF Mitchell","year":"1983","unstructured":"Mitchell MF. Popular medical concepts in Jamaica and their impact on drug use. West J Med. 1983;139:841\u20137.","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"91_CR11","first-page":"46","volume":"50","author":"R Wright-Pascoe","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wright-Pascoe R, Roye-Green K, Bodonaik N. The medical management of diabetes mellitus with particular reference to the lower extremity: the Jamaican experience. West Indian Med J. 2001;50 Suppl 1:46\u20139.","journal-title":"West Indian Med J"},{"key":"91_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(07)60001-5","volume":"45","author":"RG Frykberg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Frykberg RG, Zgonis T, Armstrong DG, Driver VR, Giurini JM, Kravitz SR, et al. Diabetic foot disorders. A clinical practice guideline (2006 revision). J Foot Ankle Surg. 2006;45:S1\u201366.","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"91_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-89-9-475","volume":"89","author":"American Diabetes Association","year":"1999","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association. Consensus development conference on diabetic foot wound care. 7\u20138 April 1999, Boston, Massachusetts. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1999;89:475\u201383.","journal-title":"J Am Podiatr Med Assoc"},{"issue":"54","key":"91_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e132","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis346","volume":"2012","author":"BA Lipsky","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Cornia PB, Pile JC, Peters EJ, Armstrong DG, et al. Infectious diseases society of America clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;2012(54):e132\u201373.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"91_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp032966","volume":"351","author":"AJ Boulton","year":"2004","unstructured":"Boulton AJ, Kirsner RS, Vileikyte L. Clinical practice. Neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:48\u201355.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"91_CR16","first-page":"197","volume":"147","author":"L Lysyy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lysyy L, Ovadia S, Zudkov T, Koper I, Zandman-Goddard G. Infections in diabetic patients--a two-year experience from the diabetic foot unit at Wolfson medical center. Harefuah. 2008;147:197\u20139. 279.","journal-title":"Harefuah"},{"key":"91_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-003-0010-4","volume":"3","author":"NC Schaper","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schaper NC, Apelqvist J, Bakker K. The international consensus and practical guidelines on the management and prevention of the diabetic foot. Curr Diab Rep. 2003;3:475\u20139.","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"91_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2272012051","volume":"227","author":"J Eng","year":"2003","unstructured":"Eng J. Sample size estimation: how many individuals should be studied? Radiology. 2003;227:309\u201313.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"91_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/12-126","volume":"17","author":"S Islam","year":"2013","unstructured":"Islam S, Harnarayan P, Cawich SO, Budhooram S, Bheem V, Mahabir V, et al. Epidemiology of diabetic foot infections in an eastern Caribbean population: a prospective study. Perm J. 2013;17:37\u201340.","journal-title":"Perm J"},{"key":"91_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aziz Z, Lin WK, Nather A, Huak CY. Predictive factors for lower extremity amputations in diabetic foot infections. Diabet Foot Ankle 2011;2. doi: \n                    10.3402\/dfa.v2i0.7463\n                    \n                  .","DOI":"10.3402\/dfa.v2i0.7463"},{"key":"91_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.2337\/dc05-2425","volume":"29","author":"LA Lavery","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Wunderlich RP, Mohler MJ, Wendel CS, Lipsky BA. Risk factors for foot infections in individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1288\u201393.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"91_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm1211053","volume":"369","author":"M Tobalem","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tobalem M, Uckay I. Images in clinical medicine. Evolution of a diabetic foot infection. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:2252.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"91_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(96)80125-6","volume":"35","author":"LA Lavery","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Harkless LB. Classification of diabetic foot wounds. J Foot Ankle Surg. 1996;35:528\u201331.","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"91_CR24","first-page":"86","volume":"29","author":"E Asumanu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Asumanu E, Ametepi R, Koney CT. Audit of diabetic soft tissue infection and foot disease in Accra. West Afr J Med. 2010;29:86\u201390.","journal-title":"West Afr J Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"91_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2231","volume":"28","author":"M Bharara","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bharara M, Schoess J, Armstrong DG. Coming events cast their shadows before: detecting inflammation in the acute diabetic foot and the foot in remission. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2012;28 Suppl 1:15\u201320.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"91_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1590\/S1020-49892001000200002","volume":"9","author":"RJ Wilks","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wilks RJ, Sargeant LA, Gulliford MC, Reid ME, Forrester TE. Management of diabetes mellitus in three settings in Jamaica. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2001;9:65\u201372.","journal-title":"Rev Panam Salud Publica"},{"key":"91_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2482-11-27","volume":"11","author":"JM East","year":"2011","unstructured":"East JM, Yeates CB, Robinson HP. The natural history of pedal puncture wounds in diabetics: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Surg. 2011;11:27.","journal-title":"BMC Surg"},{"key":"91_CR28","volume-title":"Standard occupational classification volume 3","author":"OPCS","year":"1991","unstructured":"OPCS. Standard occupational classification volume 3. London: HMSO; 1991."}],"container-title":["BMC Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12893-015-0091-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12893-015-0091-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12893-015-0091-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,22]],"date-time":"2017-09-22T22:58:31Z","timestamp":1506121111000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/bmcsurg.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12893-015-0091-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,21]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["91"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12893-015-0091-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2482"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2482","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,21]]},"article-number":"104"}}