{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:46:20Z","timestamp":1792089980591,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]],"date-time":"2019-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568246400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]],"date-time":"2019-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) originating from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are rare and very highly malignant disease with a poor prognosis. Poorly differentiated NECs most commonly arise in the esophagus and the large bowel; however, they may occur within virtually any portion of the GI tract. It is known, however, that they do not typically occur in the small intestine.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Case report<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A 21-year-old woman visited an emergency room with acute abdominal pain that commenced 2 days prior to her presentation. Thereafter, a computed tomography (CT) scan was notable for a small-intestine perforation, and huge masses were observed in the small intestine and the mesentery. The mass that was located at the ileum site is approximately 100\u2009cm above the ileocecal (IC) valve, and while it is located on the anti-mesenteric border and it seems that luminal narrowing had occurred, an obstruction is absent. Also, a same-nature mass is on the mesentery. The pathologic reports confirmed a small-cell-type NEC with a mass size of 7.5\u2009\u00d7\u20096.5\u2009cm. The mitotic count is up to 24\/10 high-power fields (HPFs), the results of the immunohistochemical stain are positive for CD56 and synaptophysin, and the Ki-67 level is 50%. %. After the operation, she was treated with Etoposide-Cisplatin (EP) chemotheraphy. Stable disease was seen during Etoposide-Cisplatin chemotheraphy. Liver metastasis was also confirmed after chemotheraphy. Additionally, Irinotecan and cisplatin were used for 3\u2009cycles, but progression of disease, neutropenic fever, thrombocytopenia, general weakness persisted. Eventually, she died 1 year and 6 months after surgery.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Ileum-located NECs are diagnosed very rarely. The most common locations for these tumors along the GI tract are the esophagus and the large intestine, but they can arise anywhere. The prognosis for NECs is poor due to the metastatic disease of most patients at the time of diagnosis. The role of adjuvant treatment requires further evaluation for the attainment of a better understanding of the overall treatment effect.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12893-019-0591-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]],"date-time":"2019-09-11T23:05:49Z","timestamp":1568243149000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the ileum: case report and literature review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2938-4960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong Eun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Hoon","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hae Il","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myoung Won","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae Sung","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun Wook","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun Hun","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"18","key":"591_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3063","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.15.4377","volume":"26","author":"JC Yao","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yao JC, Hassan M, Phan A, Dagohoy C, Leary C, Mares JE, Abdalla EK, Fleming JB, Vauthey JN, Rashid A, et al. One hundred years after \u201ccarcinoid\u201d: epidemiology of and prognostic factors for neuroendocrine tumors in 35,825 cases in the United States. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(18):3063\u201372.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"591_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-003-0038-1","volume":"47","author":"PE Bernick","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bernick PE, Klimstra DS, Shia J, Minsky B, Saltz L, Shi W, Thaler H, Guillem J, Paty P, Cohen AM, et al. Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the colon and rectum. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;47(2):163\u20139.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"3","key":"591_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000298","volume":"58","author":"H Shafqat","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shafqat H, Ali S, Salhab M, Olszewski AJ. Survival of patients with neuroendocrine carcinoma of the colon and rectum: a population-based analysis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2015;58(3):294\u2013303.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"1","key":"591_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.09.007","volume":"30","author":"JR Eads","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eads JR. Poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumors. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2016;30(1):151\u201362.","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"591_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e318159371c","volume":"32","author":"J Shia","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shia J, Tang LH, Weiser MR, Brenner B, Adsay NV, Stelow EB, Saltz LB, Qin J, Landmann R, Leonard GD, et al. Is nonsmall cell type high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the tubular gastrointestinal tract a distinct disease entity? Am J Surg Pathol. 2008;32(5):719\u201331.","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"591_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1754-9485.2010.02146.x","volume":"54","author":"DL Gregory","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gregory DL, Brennan SM, Stillie A, Herschtal A, Hicks RJ, MacManus MP, Ball DL. Impact of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the staging and treatment response assessment of extra-pulmonary small-cell cancer. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2010;54(2):100\u20137.","journal-title":"J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"591_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2012.1008","volume":"5","author":"S Funakoshi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Funakoshi S, Hashiguchi A, Teramoto K, Miyata N, Kurita S, Adachi M, Hamamoto Y, Higuchi H, Takaishi H, Hibi T. Second-line chemotherapy for refractory small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the esophagus that relapsed after complete remission with irinotecan plus cisplatin therapy: case report and review of the literature. Oncol Lett. 2013;5(1):117\u201322.","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"591_CR8","first-page":"386379","volume":"2014","author":"V Minocha","year":"2014","unstructured":"Minocha V, Shuja S, Ali R, Eid E. Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the rectum presenting with extensive metastatic disease. Case Rep Oncol Med. 2014;2014:386379.","journal-title":"Case Rep Oncol Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"591_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2730","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.09.075","volume":"22","author":"B Brenner","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brenner B, Tang LH, Klimstra DS, Kelsen DP. Small-cell carcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract: a review. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(13):2730\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"591_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-198906000-00019","volume":"11","author":"SS Hung","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hung SS. Small cell carcinoma of the colon. A case report and literature review. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1989;11(3):335\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"591_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2011.120","volume":"8","author":"G Rindi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rindi G, Wiedenmann B. Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the gut and pancreas: new insights. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011;8(1):54\u201364.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"591_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1159\/000443172","volume":"103","author":"R Garcia-Carbonero","year":"2016","unstructured":"Garcia-Carbonero R, Sorbye H, Baudin E, Raymond E, Wiedenmann B, Niederle B, Sedlackova E, Toumpanakis C, Anlauf M, Cwikla JB, et al. ENETS consensus guidelines for high-grade Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and neuroendocrine carcinomas. Neuroendocrinology. 2016;103(2):186\u201394.","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"591_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa003034","volume":"346","author":"K Noda","year":"2002","unstructured":"Noda K, Nishiwaki Y, Kawahara M, Negoro S, Sugiura T, Yokoyama A, Fukuoka M, Mori K, Watanabe K, Tamura T, et al. Irinotecan plus cisplatin compared with etoposide plus cisplatin for extensive small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(2):85\u201391.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"591_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2010.09.030","volume":"91","author":"CH Kuo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kuo CH, Hsieh CC, Chan ML, Li AF, Huang MH, Hsu WH, Hsu HS. Small cell carcinoma of the esophagus: a report of 16 cases from a single institution and literature review. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;91(2):373\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"591_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0b013e3181ebb56f","volume":"39","author":"JR Strosberg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Strosberg JR, Coppola D, Klimstra DS, Phan AT, Kulke MH, Wiseman GA, Kvols LK. The NANETS consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of poorly differentiated (high-grade) extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas. Pancreas. 2010;39(6):799\u2013800.","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"issue":"3","key":"591_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1159\/000452655","volume":"9","author":"AT Mertz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mertz AT, Ojemuyiwa MA. A case of poorly differentiated large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cecum: a rare malignancy, with review of the literature. Case Rep Oncol. 2016;9(3):847\u201353.","journal-title":"Case Rep Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"591_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.13711","volume":"7","author":"ST Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim ST, Ha SY, Lee S, Ahn S, Lee J, Park SH, Park JO, Lim HY, Kang WK, Kim KM, et al. The impact of PD-L1 expression in patients with metastatic GEP-NETs. J Cancer. 2016;7(5):484\u20139.","journal-title":"J Cancer"}],"container-title":["BMC Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12893-019-0591-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12893-019-0591-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12893-019-0591-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]],"date-time":"2020-09-10T23:18:30Z","timestamp":1599779910000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcsurg.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12893-019-0591-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["591"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12893-019-0591-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2482"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2482","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 January 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 August 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 September 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The need for ethic approval is not subject to the institutional review board (local ethics committee) due to simple case reporting. Written informed consent was obtained from the patient to report and publish individual patient data.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and accompanying images.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"135"}}