{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T22:59:31Z","timestamp":1788217171220,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the anesthetic effect of butorphanol with different doses in patients undergoing gastroscopy and colonoscopy.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>480 patients undergoing gastroscopy and colonoscopy were recruited and randomly divided into four groups to receive different doses of butorphanol (Group A\u2009=\u20092.5\u00a0\u03bcg\/kg, Group B\u2009=\u20095\u00a0\u03bcg\/kg, Group C\u2009=\u20097.5\u00a0\u03bcg\/kg and Group D\u2009=\u200910\u00a0\u03bcg\/kg). Butorphanol was administered 5\u00a0min before propofol infusion. The primary outcome was the incidence of body movement. Secondary outcomes were postoperative recovery time, length of stay in the Post-Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU), the total dose of propofol, and the incidence of intraoperative hypoxemia, propofol injection pain, cough, postoperative nausea and vomiting, drowsiness, and dizziness.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The incidence of body movement and the dose of propofol in Group C and D were lower than those in Group A and B (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The incidence and intensity of propofol injection pain and the incidence of cough in Group B, C, and D were lower than those in Group A (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The length of stay in PACU and the incidence of postoperative drowsiness and dizziness were higher in Group D than in Group A, B, and C (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Intravenous pre-injection of 7.5\u00a0\u03bcg\/kg butorphanol with propofol can be the optimal dosage for patients undergoing gastroscopy and colonoscopy.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>Trial registration:<\/jats:italic> Trial registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR2000031506. Registered 3 April 2020\u2014Retrospectively registered, <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.medresman.org.cn\">http:\/\/www.medresman.org.cn<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12893-021-01262-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T17:50:59Z","timestamp":1622137859000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Anesthetic effect of different doses of butorphanol in patients undergoing gastroscopy and colonoscopy"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"chictr2000031506","registry":"10.18810\/chictr"}],"author":[{"given":"Shun","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Defeng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinglin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongliang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"1262_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-008-0236-8","volume":"53","author":"MY Su","year":"2008","unstructured":"Su MY, Hsu CM, Lin CJ, Ho YP, Chiu CT, Chen PC, et al. Endoscopic treatment of colorectal neoplasms: a simple and safe procedure to lower the incidence of colorectal cancers. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53:1297\u2013302.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"1262_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2018.18200","volume":"29","author":"M Bashiri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bashiri M, Akcali D, Coskun D, Cindoruk M, Dikmen A, Cifdaloz BU. Evaluation of pain and patient satisfaction by music therapy in patients with endoscopy\/colonoscopy. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2018;29:574\u20139.","journal-title":"Turk J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1262_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2005.08.003","volume":"15","author":"DK Rex","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rex DK, Khalfan HK. Sedation and the technical performance of colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2005;15:661\u201372.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am"},{"key":"1262_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-8650201400160008","volume":"29","author":"L Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang L, Bao Y, Shi D. Comparing the pain of propofol via different combinations of fentanyl, sufentanil or remifentanil in gastrointestinal endoscopy. Acta Cir Bras. 2014;29:675\u201380.","journal-title":"Acta Cir Bras"},{"key":"1262_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248097","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/248097","volume":"2014","author":"S Kiriyama","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kiriyama S, Naitoh H, Fukuchi M, Fukasawa T, Saito K, Tabe Y, et al. Evaluation of pharyngeal function between no bolus and bolus propofol induced sedation for advanced upper endoscopy. Diagn Ther Endosc. 2014;2014:248097.","journal-title":"Diagn Ther Endosc."},{"key":"1262_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-017-3674-5","volume":"162","author":"OY Grechko","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grechko OY, Litvinov RA, Spasov AA, Rashchenko AI, Shtareva DM, Anisimova VA, et al. Study of \u03bc- and \u03b4-opioid activities in agents with various \u03ba-receptor selectivity. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2017;162:632\u20135.","journal-title":"Bull Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"1262_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.03.006","volume":"122","author":"AAH Azzam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Azzam AAH, McDonald J, Lambert DG. Hot topics in opioid pharmacology: mixed and biased opioids. Br J Anaesth. 2019;122:e136\u201345.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"1262_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.CRJ05001X","volume":"98","author":"S Commiskey","year":"2005","unstructured":"Commiskey S, Fan LW, Ho IK, Rockhold RW. Butorphanol: effects of a prototypical agonist-antagonist analgesic on kappa-opioid receptors. J Pharmacol Sci. 2005;98:109\u201316.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"1262_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2017.05.004","volume":"44","author":"WJ McFadzean","year":"2017","unstructured":"McFadzean WJ, Hall EJ, van Oostrom H. Effect of premedication with butorphanol or methadone on ease of endoscopic duodenal intubation in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2017;44:1296\u2013302.","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"1262_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2008.03.008","volume":"54","author":"S Ide","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ide S, Minami M, Ishihara K, Uhl GR, Satoh M, Sora I, et al. Abolished thermal and mechanical antinociception but retained visceral chemical antinociception induced by butorphanol in mu-opioid receptor knockout mice. Neuropharmacology. 2008;54:1182\u20138.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"1262_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5108","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-016-4861-6","volume":"30","author":"X Zhou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhou X, Li BX, Chen LM, Tao J, Zhang S, Ji M, et al. Etomidate plus propofol versus propofol alone for sedation during gastroscopy: a randomized prospective clinical trial. Surg Endosc. 2016;30:5108\u201316.","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"1262_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199141030-00002","volume":"41","author":"PJ Hoskin","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hoskin PJ, Hanks GW. Opioid agonist-antagonist drugs in acute and chronic pain states. Drugs. 1991;41:326\u201344.","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"1262_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aew248","volume":"117","author":"L Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang L, Shu R, Zhao Q, Li Y, Yu Y, Wang G. Preoperative butorphanol and flurbiprofen axetil therapy attenuates remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia after laparoscopic gynaecological surgery: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Br J Anaesth. 2016;117:504\u201311.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"1262_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2018.04.2351","volume":"88","author":"DK Rex","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rex DK, Bhandari R, Desta T, DeMicco MP, Schaeffer C, Etzkorn K, et al. A phase III study evaluating the efficacy and safety of remimazolam (CNS 7056) compared with placebo and midazolam in patients undergoing colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2018;88:427-37.e6.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"1262_CR15","first-page":"661","volume":"84","author":"P Palumbo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Palumbo P, Tellan G, Perotti B, Pacil\u00e8 MA, Vietri F, Illuminati G. Modified PADSS (post anaesthetic discharge scoring system) for monitoring outpatients discharge. Ann Ital Chir. 2013;84:661\u20135.","journal-title":"Ann Ital Chir"},{"key":"1262_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1159\/000321621","volume":"84","author":"MA Qadeer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Qadeer MA, Lopez AR, Dumot JA, Vargo JJ. Hypoxemia during moderate sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy: causes and associations. Digestion. 2011;84:37\u201345.","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"1262_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-016-0463-y","volume":"16","author":"Q Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li Q, Zhou Q, Xiao W, Zhou H. Determination of the appropriate propofol infusion rate for outpatient upper gastrointestinal endoscopy\u2014a randomized prospective study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2016;16:49.","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1262_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000117002.03919.49","volume":"99","author":"A Agarwal","year":"2004","unstructured":"Agarwal A, Raza M, Dhiraaj S, Pandey R, Gupta D, Pandey CK, et al. Pain during injection of propofol: the effect of prior administration of butorphanol. Anesth Analg. 2004;99:117\u20139.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"1262_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-020-01027-5","volume":"20","author":"X Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu X, Chen L, Zheng S, Pan L. Comparison of ED95 of Butorphanol and Sufentanil for gastrointestinal endoscopy sedation: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2020;20:101.","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"}],"container-title":["BMC Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12893-021-01262-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12893-021-01262-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12893-021-01262-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]],"date-time":"2021-08-10T15:58:12Z","timestamp":1628611092000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcsurg.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12893-021-01262-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1262"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12893-021-01262-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2482"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2482","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 May 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This prospective experimental study was carried out at the Endoscopic Center of Jinpu Hospital, Dalian Medical University, between March and September 2019, following the approval of the Medical Ethics Committee (code: PJ-KS-KY-2019-28). Written informed consent were obtained from the patients or their guardians.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the patients or their guardians for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"266"}}