{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T05:47:08Z","timestamp":1774676828068,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"International Development Research Center \/ Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Julibee Scholarship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Surg"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Surgical services are an essential part of a functional healthcare system, but the Lancet Commission of Global Surgery (LCoGS) indicators of surgical capacity such as perioperative workforce and surgical volume are unknown in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) including the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). We aimed to determine the surgical capacity and its associated factors within the DRC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hospitals were assessed in the North Kivu province of the DRC. Hospital characteristics and surgical rates were determined using the WHO-PGSSC hospital assessment tool and operating room (OR) registries. The primary outcome of interest was the number of Bellwether operations (i.e. Caesarean sections, laparotomies, and external fixation for bone fractures) per 100,000 people. Univariate and multiple linear regressions were performed. Primary predictors were the number of trained surgeons, anaesthesiologists, and obstetricians (SAOs) and the number of perioperative providers (including clinical officers and nurse anaesthetists) per 100,000 people.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty-eight hospitals in North Kivu were assessed over one year in 2021; 24 (86%) were first-level referral health centres while 4 (14%) were second-level referral hospitals. In total, 11,176 Bellwether procedures were performed in the region in one year. Rates per 100,000 people were 1,461 Bellwether surgical interventions, 1.05 SAOs, and 13.1 perioperative providers. In univariate linear regression analysis, each additional SAO added 239 additional cases annually (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.023), while each additional perioperative provider added 110 cases annually (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). In our multiple regression analysis adjusting for other hospital services, the association between workforce and Bellwether surgeries was no longer significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The surgical workforce in DRC did not meet the LCoGS benchmark of 20 SAOs per 100,000 people but was not an independent predictor of surgical capacity. Major investment is needed to simultaneously bolster healthcare facilities and increase surgical workforce training.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12893-024-02386-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T08:03:25Z","timestamp":1711094605000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Essential surgery delivery in the Northern Kivu Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Luc Kalisya","family":"Malemo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ava","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boniface","family":"Mitume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Salmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kambale","family":"Karafuli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Poenaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosebella","family":"Onyango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2386_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Assembly. 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Ethical approval was obtained by the Great Lakes University of Kisumu Ethics Board at Kisumu and the North Kivu Provincial MoH Office of Research Ethics of the DRC. Informed consent was obtained verbally from all participants, and this consenting procedure was approved by the Great Lakes University of Kisumu Ethics Board at Kisumu and the North Kivu Provincial MoH Office of Research Ethics of the DRC.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"95"}}