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Additionally, we explored the incidence of PIL in HCC patients and examined any associated risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We retrospectively analyzed patients with HCC who underwent <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-FDG PET\/CT at our institution from 2010 to 2022. The pathological findings of PILs in HCC patients were investigated for confirmatory identification of the risk of HCC metastasis or SPM in parotid gland. Healthy controls received <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-FDG PET\/CT for health screening were also enrolled to compare the incidence of PILs with HCC patients. Various parameters associated with patient demographics and characteristics of HCC were analyzed to find the related factors of PILs.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 17,674 patients with HCC and 2,090 healthy individuals who had undergone <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-FDG PET\/CT scans were enrolled in the analyses. Among the 54 HCC patients who underwent pathological confirmation for PILs, benign primary parotid tumor was most commonly observed (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200943 [79.6%]); however, no malignant lesions were detected, including HCC metastasis. The incidence of PILs was higher in patients diagnosed with HCC compared with the control group (485 [2.7%] <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> 23 [1.1%], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002). Analysis for the risk factors for PILs revealed that patient age, sex, and positive viral markers were significantly associated with the incidence of PILs in patients with HCC (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our study demonstrates that PILs are more frequently identified in patients with HCC on <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-FDG PET\/CT. However, no malignant PIL, including extrahepatic metastasis of HCC, was identified. Therefore, the presence of PIL should not impede or delay the treatment process for patients with HCC. Additionally, we suggested that for future swift and straightforward differential diagnoses of PIL, the development of additional protocols within the PET\/CT imaging could be beneficial.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12893-024-02422-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T09:01:54Z","timestamp":1713949314000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Incidentally found parotid gland lesion in 18F-FDG PET\/CT for staging evaluation of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: remote possibility of metastatic tumor or second primary salivary gland malignancy"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jin Hyung","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoon Se","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Young Ho","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seung-Ho","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soon Yuhl","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyo Jung","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0772-0708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minsu","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2422_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2014.11.008","volume":"36","author":"CH Rassekh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rassekh CH, Cost JL, Hogg JP, Hurst MK, Marano GD, Ducatman BS. 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