{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T14:20:31Z","timestamp":1792592431724,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Surg"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12893-025-03081-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T06:45:30Z","timestamp":1753944330000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Thyroidectomy versus antithyroid drugs in Graves\u2019 disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"XiaoGang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming Gao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong Cheng","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao Ming","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"3081_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-9972(03)00006-5","volume":"2","author":"GS Cooper","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cooper GS, Stroehla BC. The epidemiology of autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev. 2003;2(3):119\u201325.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"3081_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-11-0548","volume":"165","author":"M Abraham-Nordling","year":"2011","unstructured":"Abraham-Nordling M, Bystr\u00f6m K, T\u00f6rring O, Lantz M, Berg G, Calissendorff J, et al. Incidence of hyperthyroidism in Sweden. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011;165(6):899\u2013905.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"3081_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.01.013","volume":"13","author":"F Menconi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Menconi F, Marcocci C, Marin\u00f2 M. Diagnosis and classification of graves\u2019 disease. Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13(4\u20135):398\u2013402.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"3081_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp0806317","volume":"360","author":"L Bartalena","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bartalena L, Tanda ML. Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(10):994\u20131001.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"3081_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4873","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1402","volume":"91","author":"N Manji","year":"2006","unstructured":"Manji N, Carr-Smith J, Boelaert K, Allahabadia A, Armitage M, Chatterjee V, et al. Influences of age, gender, smoking, and family history on autoimmune thyroid disease phenotype. J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism. 2006;91(12):4873\u201380.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism"},{"issue":"7","key":"3081_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2010.1634","volume":"20","author":"MN Stan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stan MN, Bahn RS. Risk factors for development or deterioration of graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy. Thyroid. 2010;20(7):777\u201383.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"2","key":"3081_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1984.tb03456.x","volume":"21","author":"A Weetman","year":"1984","unstructured":"Weetman A, McGregor A, Hall R. Evidence for an effect of antithyroid drugs on the natural history of graves\u2019disease. Clin Endocrinol. 1984;21(2):163\u201372.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3081_CR8","first-page":"1516","volume":"77","author":"JB Pucilowska","year":"1993","unstructured":"Pucilowska JB, Davenport ML, Kabir I, Clemmons DR, Thissen J-P, Butler T, et al. The effect of dietary protein supplementation on insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF-binding proteins in children with shigellosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism. 1993;77(6):1516\u201321.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism"},{"issue":"3","key":"3081_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-70-3-675","volume":"70","author":"H Allannic","year":"1990","unstructured":"Allannic H, Fauchet R, Orgiazzi J, Orgiazzi A, Genetet B, Lorcy Y, et al. Antithyroid drugs and graves\u2019 disease: a prospective randomized evaluation of the efficacy of treatment duration. J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism. 1990;70(3):675\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism"},{"issue":"3","key":"3081_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1997.7.369","volume":"7","author":"P Vitti","year":"1997","unstructured":"Vitti P, Rago T, Chiovato L, Pallini S, Santini F, Fiore E, et al. Clinical features of patients with graves\u2019 disease undergoing remission after antithyroid drug treatment. Thyroid. 1997;7(3):369\u201375.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"4","key":"3081_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1993.3.335","volume":"3","author":"WARTOFSKY L","year":"1993","unstructured":"WARTOFSKY L. Has the use of antithyroid drugs for graves\u2019 disease become obsolete? Thyroid. 1993;3(4):335\u201344.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"2","key":"3081_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1159\/000444796","volume":"5","author":"MF Erdo\u011fan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Erdo\u011fan MF, Demir \u00d6, Ersoy R\u00dc, G\u00fcl K, Aydo\u011fan B\u0130, \u00dc\u00e7 ZA, et al. Comparison of early total thyroidectomy with antithyroid treatment in patients with moderate-severe graves\u2019 orbitopathy: a randomized prospective trial. Eur Thyroid J. 2016;5(2):106\u201311.","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"issue":"10","key":"3081_CR13","first-page":"ED000142","volume":"2019","author":"M Cumpston","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Chandler J, Welch VA, Higgins JP, et al. Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;2019(10):ED000142.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"3081_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0450","volume":"158","author":"P Laurberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Laurberg P, Wallin G, Tallstedt L, Abraham-Nordling M, Lundell G, T\u00f8rring O. TSH-receptor autoimmunity in graves\u2019 disease after therapy with anti-thyroid drugs, surgery, or radioiodine: a 5-year prospective randomized study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008;158(1):69\u201375.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"26","key":"3081_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199206253262603","volume":"326","author":"L Tallstedt","year":"1992","unstructured":"Tallstedt L, Lundell G, T\u00f8rring O, Wallin G, Ljunggren J-G, Blomgren H, et al. Occurrence of ophthalmopathy after treatment for graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism. N Engl J Med. 1992;326(26):1733\u20138.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"3081_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra042972","volume":"352","author":"DS Cooper","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cooper DS. Antithyroid drugs. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(9):905\u201317.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"3081_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02295","volume":"155","author":"P Laurberg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Laurberg P. Remission of graves\u2019 disease during anti-thyroid drug therapy. Time to reconsider the mechanism? Eur J Endocrinol. 2006;155(6):783\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"22","key":"3081_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1979.03300220020015","volume":"242","author":"DW Slingerland","year":"1979","unstructured":"Slingerland DW, Burrows BA. Long-term antithyroid treatment in hyperthyroidism. JAMA. 1979;242(22):2408\u201310.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"3081_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-64-6-1241","volume":"64","author":"BM LIPPE","year":"1987","unstructured":"LIPPE BM, LANDAW EM, KAPLAN SA. Hyperthyroidism in children treated with long term medical therapy: 25% remission every two years. J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism. 1987;64(6):1241\u20135.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"3081_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S150","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.104026","volume":"16","author":"WM Wiersinga","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wiersinga WM. Graves\u2032 orbitopathy: management of difficult cases. Indian J Endocrinol Metabol. 2012;16(Suppl 2):S150\u20132.","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metabol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3081_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj1954.25.377","volume":"25","author":"K Shizume","year":"1978","unstructured":"Shizume K. Long term antithyroid drug therapy for intractable cases of graves\u2019 disease. Endocrinologia Japonica. 1978;25(4):377\u20139.","journal-title":"Endocrinologia Japonica"},{"issue":"5","key":"3081_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.01904","volume":"152","author":"F Azizi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Azizi F, Ataie L, Hedayati M, Mehrabi Y, Sheikholeslami F. Effect of long-term continuous methimazole treatment of hyperthyroidism: comparison with radioiodine. Eur J Endocrinol. 2005;152(5):695\u2013701.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3081_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.21037\/gs-20-757","volume":"10","author":"L Mu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mu L, Ren C, Xu J, Guo C, Huang J, Ding K. Total versus near-total thyroidectomy in graves\u2019 disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies. Gland Surg. 2021;10(2):729.","journal-title":"Gland Surg"},{"key":"3081_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu ZW, Masterson L, Fish B, Jani P, Chatterjee K. Thyroid surgery for Graves\u2019 disease and Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Reviews. 2015;11.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010576.pub2"},{"issue":"8","key":"3081_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1998.8.653","volume":"8","author":"J-G Ljunggren","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ljunggren J-G, T\u00f6rring O, Wallin G, Taube A, Tallstedt L, Hamberger B, et al. Quality of life aspects and costs in treatment of graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism with antithyroid drugs, surgery, or radioiodine: results from a prospective, randomized study. Thyroid. 1998;8(8):653\u20139.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"11","key":"3081_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","volume":"21","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2002","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med. 2002;21(11):1539\u201358.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"3081_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2012-0283","volume":"18","author":"A Alhefdhi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alhefdhi A, Mazeh H, Chen H. Role of postoperative vitamin D and\/or calcium routine supplementation in preventing hypocalcemia after thyroidectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncologist. 2013;18(5):533\u201342.","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"3081_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, G\u00f8tzsche PC, Ioannidis JP et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. BMJ. 2009;339.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2700"},{"key":"3081_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-016-1216-5","volume":"17","author":"S Wolak","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wolak S, Scheunchen M, Holzer K, Busch M, Trumpf E, Zielke A. Impact of preoperative vitamin D 3 administration on postoperative hypocalcaemia in patients undergoing total thyroidectomy (HypoCalViD): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2016;17:1\u20136.","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"11","key":"3081_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2005.15.1279","volume":"15","author":"M Abraham-Nordling","year":"2005","unstructured":"Abraham-Nordling M, T\u00f6rring O, Hamberger B, Lundell G, Tallstedt L, Calissendorff J, et al. Graves\u2019 disease: a long-term quality-of-life follow up of patients randomized to treatment with antithyroid drugs, radioiodine, or surgery. Thyroid. 2005;15(11):1279\u201386.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"10","key":"3081_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e109582","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109582","volume":"9","author":"Z Zou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zou Z, Jiang Y, Xiao M, Zhou R. The impact of prophylactic dexamethasone on nausea and vomiting after thyroidectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(10):e109582.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["BMC Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12893-025-03081-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12893-025-03081-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12893-025-03081-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T08:33:51Z","timestamp":1757320431000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcsurg.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12893-025-03081-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3081"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12893-025-03081-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2482"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2482","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the local institutional review board, and the requirement for informed consent was waived because of the retrospective nature of this study. Ethical issues (including plagiarism, informed consent, misconduct, data fabrication and\/or falsification, double publication and\/or submission, and redundancy) were completely observed by the authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"328"}}