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Each drainage modality\u2014percutaneous transhepatic (PTGBD), EUS-guided (EUS-GBD), and endoscopic transpapillary (ETGBD)\u2014has distinct anatomical effects that may influence subsequent cholecystectomy. While multiple meta-analyses have established drainage efficacy, comparative evidence regarding operative outcomes of interval surgery remains limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis following PRISMA 2020 (PROSPERO: CRD420251232718). Five databases were searched (January 2000\u2013December 2025) for comparative studies reporting operative outcomes of interval cholecystectomy after gallbladder drainage. Primary outcomes were conversion to open cholecystectomy and subtotal cholecystectomy. Random-effects models with Hartung\u2013Knapp adjusted confidence intervals were used. Certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ten comparative studies (2019\u20132025) were included. Meta-analysis of EUS-GBD versus PTGBD (3 studies,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009215) showed no statistically significant difference in conversion to open cholecystectomy (6.4% vs. 16.5%; RR 0.51, 95% CI 0.23\u20131.13;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.07; I\u00b2=0%). Meta-analysis of EGBS versus PTGBD (6 studies,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009416) found no statistically significant difference in conversion (18.9% vs. 17.6%; RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.25\u20135.23;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.83; I\u00b2=77%) or subtotal cholecystectomy (RR 1.16, 95% CI 0.61\u20132.18;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.52; I\u00b2=0%). One RCT comparing ENGBD versus PTGBD (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200922) was synthesized descriptively. Certainty of evidence was low to very low.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No statistically significant differences in operative outcomes of interval cholecystectomy were found between endoscopic and percutaneous gallbladder drainage modalities (low to very low certainty of evidence). Given comparable operative outcomes, drainage modality selection may be guided by drainage efficacy, patient anatomy, and institutional expertise.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PROSPERO Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRD420251232718<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12893-026-03644-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T05:14:24Z","timestamp":1773033264000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Operative outcomes of interval cholecystectomy after gallbladder drainage for acute cholecystitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing endoscopic and percutaneous approaches"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Hariruk","family":"Yodying","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vichit","family":"Viriyaroj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thammanij","family":"Rookkachart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thana","family":"Boonsinsukh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anuwat","family":"Chartkitcharoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wannakorn","family":"Prapasajchavet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natchanok","family":"Mekrugsakit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patcharaon","family":"Petchkaewkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ratchanon","family":"Laojanun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"3644_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-020-00336-x","volume":"15","author":"M Pisano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pisano M, Allievi N, Gurusamy K, Borzellino G, Cimbanassi S, Boerna D, et al. 2020 World Society of Emergency Surgery updated guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute calculus cholecystitis. 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