{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T01:47:29Z","timestamp":1782179249741,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777680000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":52,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Surg"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12893-026-03756-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T11:36:18Z","timestamp":1777721778000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Surgical outcomes of dermabrasion followed by split-thickness skin grafting for post-burn leukoderma: a two-center observational study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6790-128X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulkadir","family":"Calavul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"3756_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2017.09.021","volume":"4","author":"JN Harb","year":"2018","unstructured":"Harb JN, Motaparthi K. Clinicopathologic findings of guttate leukoderma in Darier disease: a helpful diagnostic feature. JAAD Case Rep. 2018;4(3):262\u20136.","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"3756_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.12746","volume":"42","author":"S Kuriyama","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kuriyama S, Kasuya A, Fujiyama T, Tatsuno K, Sakabe J, Yamaguchi H, et al. Leukoderma in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol. 2015;42(2):215\u20138.","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3756_CR3","first-page":"306","volume":"35","author":"NA Louri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Louri NA, Dey N, De Sousa RF, AlHasan RN, Abdelhamid MM. Melanocyte-keratinocyte transplantation in post-burn leukoderma scars: preliminary experience using a modified technique. Ann Burns Fire Disasters. 2022;35(4):306\u201314.","journal-title":"Ann Burns Fire Disasters"},{"issue":"2","key":"3756_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2017.05.004","volume":"44","author":"EL Maranda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maranda EL, Wang MX, Shareef S, Tompkins BA, Emerson C, Badiavas EV. Surgical management of leukoderma after burn: a review. Burns J Int Soc Burn Inj. 2018;44(2):256\u201362.","journal-title":"Burns J Int Soc Burn Inj"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"3756_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S63","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0358.70724","volume":"43","author":"A Goel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Goel A, Shrivastava P. Post-burn scars and scar contractures. Indian J Plast Surg Off Publ Assoc Plast Surg India. 2010;43(Suppl):S63\u201371.","journal-title":"Indian J Plast Surg Off Publ Assoc Plast Surg India"},{"issue":"3","key":"3756_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12031243","volume":"12","author":"M Rao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rao M, Young K, Jackson-Cowan L, Kourosh A, Theodosakis N. Post-inflammatory hypopigmentation: review of the etiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment options. J Clin Med. 2023;12(3):1243.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"3756_CR7","first-page":"797","volume":"96","author":"S Plensdorf","year":"2017","unstructured":"Plensdorf S, Livieratos M, Dada N. Pigmentation disorders: diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician. 2017;96(12):797\u2013804.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"3","key":"3756_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1093\/jbcr\/irae030","volume":"45","author":"E Lupon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lupon E, Berkane Y, Bertheuil N, Cetrulo CL, Vaillant C, Chaput B, et al. Nonsurgical treatment of postburn hypopigmentation: a literature review. J Burn Care Res. 2024;45(3):601\u20137.","journal-title":"J Burn Care Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"3756_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200304040-00004","volume":"4","author":"NEE Van Loey","year":"2003","unstructured":"Van Loey NEE, Van Son MJM. Psychopathology and psychological problems in patients with burn scars: epidemiology and management. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2003;4(4):245\u201372.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3756_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2018.12.017","volume":"45","author":"I Sinha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sinha I, Nabi M, Simko LC, Wolfe AW, Wiechman S, Giatsidis G, et al. Head and neck burns are associated with long-term patient-reported dissatisfaction with appearance: a burn model system national database study. Burns. 2019;45(2):293\u2013302.","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"3756_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Loey NEE. Psychological Impact of Living with Scars Following Burn Injury. In: T\u00e9ot L, Mustoe TA, Middelkoop E, Gauglitz GG, editors. Textbook on Scar Management: State of the Art Management and Emerging Technologies. Cham (CH): Springer; 2020. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK586135\/. Cited 2025 22\u00a0Apr.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-44766-3_48"},{"issue":"1","key":"3756_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1642","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000001642","volume":"6","author":"BC Carney","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carney BC, McKesey JP, Rosenthal DS, Shupp JW. Treatment Strategies for Hypopigmentation in the Context of Burn Hypertrophic Scars. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2018;6(1):e1642.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"3756_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2015.06.019","volume":"42","author":"EL Gee Kee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gee Kee EL, Kimble RM, Cuttle L, Stockton KA. Scar outcome of children with partial thickness burns: a 3 and 6 month follow up. Burns. 2016;42(1):97\u2013103.","journal-title":"Burns"},{"issue":"4","key":"3756_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e387","DOI":"10.1097\/BCR.0000000000000269","volume":"37","author":"DN Driscoll","year":"2016","unstructured":"Driscoll DN, Levy AN, Gama AR. Dermabrasion and thin epidermal grafting for treatment of large and small areas of postburn leukoderma: a case series and review of the literature. J Burn Care Res Off Publ Am Burn Assoc. 2016;37(4):e387\u2013393.","journal-title":"J Burn Care Res Off Publ Am Burn Assoc"},{"issue":"27","key":"3756_CR15","first-page":"95","volume":"27","author":"MM Degheidy","year":"2003","unstructured":"Degheidy MM, El-Morsy IH, El-Mulla K. Evaluation of the role of dermabrasion and thin skin grafting in the treatment of burn scar depigmentation. Egypt J Reconstr Surg. 2003;27(27):95\u20139.","journal-title":"Egypt J Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"3756_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000122207.28773.56","volume":"113","author":"LJ Draaijers","year":"2004","unstructured":"Draaijers LJ, Tempelman FRH, Botman YAM, Tuinebreijer WE, Middelkoop E, Kreis RW, et al. The patient and observer scar assessment scale: a reliable and feasible tool for scar evaluation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;113(7):1960\u20135.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"3756_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2011.09.021","volume":"38","author":"Z Tyack","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tyack Z, Simons M, Spinks A, Wasiak J. A systematic review of the quality of burn scar rating scales for clinical and research use. Burns. 2012;38(1):6\u201318.","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"3756_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee KC, Dretzke J, Grover L, Logan A, Moiemen N. A systematic review of objective burn scar measurements. Burns Trauma. 2016;4:s41038-016-0036\u2013x.","DOI":"10.1186\/s41038-016-0036-x"},{"key":"3756_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643098","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2021.643098","volume":"8","author":"AMH Choo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Choo AMH, Ong YS, Issa F. Scar assessment tools: how do they compare? Front Surg. 2021;8:643098.","journal-title":"Front Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"3756_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000122207.28773.56","volume":"113","author":"LJ Draaijers","year":"2004","unstructured":"Draaijers LJ, Tempelman FR, Botman YA, Tuinebreijer WE, Middelkoop E, Kreis RW, et al. The patient and observer scar assessment scale: a reliable and feasible tool for scar evaluation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;113(7):1960\u20135.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"3756_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6416","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000006416","volume":"13","author":"ME Carri\u00e8re","year":"2025","unstructured":"Carri\u00e8re ME, Mokkink LB, Pleat J, Tyack Z, Pijpe A, de Vet HCW, et al. Development of the observer scales of the patient and observer scar assessment scale: an international delphi study. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2025;13(2):e6416.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"3756_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-011-9924-5","volume":"21","author":"MBA van der Wal","year":"2012","unstructured":"van der Wal MBA, Tuinebreijer WE, Bloemen MCT, Verhaegen PDHM, Middelkoop E, van Zuijlen PPM. Rasch analysis of the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) in burn scars. Qual Life Res. 2012;21(1):13\u201323.","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"3756_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2024.05.022","volume":"50","author":"CM Legemate","year":"2024","unstructured":"Legemate CM, Middelkoop E, Carri\u00e8re ME, van Zuijlen PPM, van Baar ME, van der Vlies CH, et al. The minimal important change (MIC) and minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of the patient and observer scar assessment scale (POSAS) 2.0. Burns J Int Soc Burn Inj. 2024;50(8):2070\u20136.","journal-title":"Burns J Int Soc Burn Inj"},{"issue":"1","key":"3756_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-06378-y","volume":"20","author":"I Steinvall","year":"2025","unstructured":"Steinvall I, Kennedy S, Karlsson M, Ellabban MA, Sj\u00f6berg F, Andersson C, et al. Evaluating scar outcomes in pediatric burn patients following skin grafting. Sci Rep. 2025;20(1):20205.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"3756_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2024.07.007","volume":"50","author":"JN Dijkshoorn","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dijkshoorn JN, van Baar ME, Pijpe A, Nieuwenhuis M, Goei H, van der Vlies CH, et al. Patient-reported scar quality in paediatric and adult burn patients: a long-term multicentre follow-up study. Burns. 2024;50(9):107203.","journal-title":"Burns"},{"issue":"1","key":"3756_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1093\/jbcr\/irac154","volume":"44","author":"FJ Klimitz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Klimitz FJ, Neubauer H, Stolle A, Ripper S, Daeschler SC, Aman M, et al. Objective Burn Scar Assessment in Clinical Practice Using the Cutometer\u00a9: Introduction and Validation of a Standardized Measurement Protocol. J Burn Care Res Off Publ Am Burn Assoc. 2022;44(1):95\u2013105.","journal-title":"J Burn Care Res Off Publ Am Burn Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"3756_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BCR.0000075842.55039.03","volume":"24","author":"D Martin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Martin D, Umraw N, Gomez M, Cartotto R. Changes in subjective vs objective burn scar assessment over time: does the patient agree with what we think? J Burn Care Rehabil. 2003;24(4):239\u201344. discussion 238.","journal-title":"J Burn Care Rehabil"},{"key":"3756_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1186\/s12893-025-03021-5","volume":"9","author":"LA Abdulmughni","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abdulmughni LA, Al-Sanabani JA, Gilan WM, Issa MA, Jowah HM. Split-thickness skin graft outcomes and associated risk factors in patients with skin defects at Al-Gumhouri hospital, Sana\u2019a, Yemen: a prospective observational study. BMC Surg. 2025;25:292.","journal-title":"BMC Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"3756_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3893","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000003893","volume":"9","author":"LC Pava","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pava LC, Mendoza J, Martinez D, Rodr\u00edguez-Bermeo S, Barrios V, G\u00f3mez-Ortega V. Novel Use for Hemostatic Net in Split-thickness Skin Grafts. Plast Reconstr Surg \u2013 Glob Open. 2021;9(10):e3893.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg \u2013 Glob Open"},{"key":"3756_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turissini JD, Elmarsafi T, Evans KK, Kim PJ. Major risk factors contributing to split thickness skin graft failure. Georget Med Rev. 2019;3(1). Available from: https:\/\/gmr.scholasticahq.com\/article\/7755-major-risk-factors-contributing-to-split-thickness-skin-graft-failure. Cited 2025\u00a01 Sept.\u00a0","DOI":"10.52504\/001c.7755"},{"issue":"1","key":"3756_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24769","DOI":"10.3402\/dfa.v5.24769","volume":"5","author":"RJ Donegan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Donegan RJ, Schmidt BM, Blume PA. An overview of factors maximizing successful split-thickness skin grafting in diabetic wounds. Diabet Foot Ankle. 2014;5(1):24769.","journal-title":"Diabet Foot Ankle"},{"issue":"3","key":"3756_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.18203\/2349-2902.isj20250566","volume":"12","author":"S Haris","year":"2025","unstructured":"Haris S, Nema PK, Charokar K, Gupta N. A clinical study of the role of split-thickness skin autograft in management of wounds and identification of factors influencing the graft uptake. Int Surg J. 2025;12(3):344\u20139.","journal-title":"Int Surg J"},{"issue":"2","key":"3756_CR33","first-page":"150","volume":"36","author":"AS Ali","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ali AS, Mahmoud WH, Elsawaf MI, Elmelegy N. Treatment of post-burn leucoderma with superficial dermabrasion followed by suction blister epidermal grafting: a clinical prospective study. Ann Burns Fire Disasters. 2023;36(2):150\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Burns Fire Disasters"},{"issue":"4","key":"3756_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1995.tb00176.x","volume":"21","author":"K Agrawal","year":"1995","unstructured":"Agrawal K, Agrawal A, Vitiligo. Repigmentation with Dermabrasion and Thin Split-Thickness Skin Graft. Dermatol Surg. 1995;21(4):295\u2013300.","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"3756_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2017.05.004","volume":"44","author":"EL Maranda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maranda EL, Wang MX, Shareef S, Tompkins BA, Emerson C, Badiavas EV. Surgical management of leukoderma after burn: a review. Burns. 2018;44(2):256\u201362.","journal-title":"Burns"},{"issue":"1","key":"3756_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.25259\/JCAS_117_2024","volume":"18","author":"YM Bhingradia","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bhingradia YM, Gupta S, Ghia D, Shah S, Patel NK, Salim T, et al. Consensus statement on the surgical management of vitiligo. J Cutan Aesthetic Surg. 2025;18(1):27\u201333.","journal-title":"J Cutan Aesthetic Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"3756_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.ijd_461_23","volume":"68","author":"D Parsad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Parsad D, Kandhari S, Dhurat R, Shah B, Majid I, Yadalla HK, et al. Development of consensus recommendations on the management of vitiligo and the role of decapeptide in vitiligo by the delphi method. Indian J Dermatol. 2023;68(5):587.","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3756_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13820","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13820","volume":"30","author":"J Lou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lou J, Xiang Z, Fan Y, Song J, Huang N, Li J, et al. The efficacy and safety of autologous epidermal cell suspensions for re-epithelialization of skin lesions: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of randomized trials. Skin Res Technol. 2024;30(6):e13820.","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol"},{"key":"3756_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang D, Wei X, Hong W, Fu L, Qian G, Xu A. e. A retrospective study of long term follow-up of 2283 vitiligo patients treated by autologous, non-cultured melanocyte\u2013keratinocyte transplantation. Aging. 2021;13(4):5415\u201325.","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.202472"},{"issue":"6","key":"3756_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.08.027","volume":"91","author":"IH Hamzavi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hamzavi IH, Ganesan AK, Mahmoud BH, Weiss E, Ahmed AM, Robinson D, et al. Effective and durable repigmentation for stable vitiligo: a randomized within-subject controlled trial assessing treatment with autologous skin cell suspension transplantation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2024;91(6):1104\u201312.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3756_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2010.00728.x","volume":"7","author":"PA Blume","year":"2010","unstructured":"Blume PA, Key JJ, Thakor P, Thakor S, Sumpio B. Retrospective evaluation of clinical outcomes in subjects with split-thickness skin graft: comparing V.A.C.\u00ae therapy and conventional therapy in foot and ankle reconstructive surgeries. Int Wound J. 2010;7(6):480\u20137.","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"issue":"2","key":"3756_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23201","volume":"52","author":"M Seago","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seago M, Shumaker PR, Spring LK, Alam M, Al-Niaimi F, Rox Anderson R, et al. Laser Treatment of Traumatic Scars and Contractures: 2020 International Consensus Recommendations. Lasers Surg Med. 2020;52(2):96\u2013116.","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"key":"3756_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"tkad046","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkad046","volume":"12","author":"Y Ma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ma Y, Barnes SP, Chen YY, Moiemen N, Lord JM, Sardeli AV. Influence of scar age, laser type and laser treatment intervals on paediatric burn scars: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Burns Trauma. 2024;12:tkad046.","journal-title":"Burns Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"3756_CR44","first-page":"CD013530","volume":"1","author":"IM Harris","year":"2024","unstructured":"Harris IM, Lee KC, Deeks JJ, Moore DJ, Moiemen NS, Dretzke J. Pressure-garment therapy for preventing hypertrophic scarring after burn injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024;1(1):CD013530.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"3756_CR45","first-page":"205","volume":"26","author":"BS Atiyeh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Atiyeh BS, El Khatib AM, Dibo SA. Pressure garment therapy (PGT) of burn scars: evidence-based efficacy. Ann Burns Fire Disasters. 2013;26(4):205\u201312.","journal-title":"Ann Burns Fire Disasters"}],"container-title":["BMC Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12893-026-03756-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12893-026-03756-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12893-026-03756-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T01:03:57Z","timestamp":1782176637000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12893-026-03756-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3756"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12893-026-03756-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2482"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2482","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Eski\u015fehir City Hospital (Decision No. ESH\/BAEK 2025\/152, dated 22 May 2025). All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.Written informed consent was obtained from all participants or their legal guardians.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all participants or their legal guardians for the publication of clinical data and accompanying images. All identifying information was removed to ensure patient anonymity.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"434"}}