{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:27:38Z","timestamp":1786494458224,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":83,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Project Supported By Peking University People\u2019s Hospital Research And Development Funds","award":["RDEB2025-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RDEB2025-18"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Surg"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12893-026-03830-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T13:24:07Z","timestamp":1779369847000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The prognostic nutritional index is an early predictive marker for surgical site infection after spinal fusion surgery: a nested case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Bin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoran","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shibin","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoran","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenggang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianlin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"3830_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2019.09.013","volume":"20","author":"T Tan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tan T, Lee H, Huang MS, Rutges J, Marion TE, Mathew J, et al. Prophylactic postoperative measures to minimize surgical site infections in spine surgery: systematic review and evidence summary. spine journal: official J North Am Spine Soc. 2020;20(3):435\u201347.","journal-title":"spine journal: official J North Am Spine Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"3830_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E135","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000001388","volume":"36","author":"M Prost","year":"2023","unstructured":"Prost M, R\u00f6ckner ME, Fl\u00fch G, Windolf J, Konieczny MR. Surgical Site Infection After Posterior Stabilization of the Spine - When do we Have to Remove the Implants? Clin spine Surg. 2023;36(4):E135\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin spine Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"3830_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2022.12.005","volume":"23","author":"MM Dhodapkar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dhodapkar MM, Galivanche AR, Halperin SJ, Elaydi A, Rubio DR, Grauer JN. Postoperative spine surgical site infections: high rate of failure of one-stage irrigation and debridement. spine journal: official J North Am Spine Soc. 2023;23(4):484\u201391.","journal-title":"spine journal: official J North Am Spine Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"3830_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1159\/000448123","volume":"34","author":"T Tanaka","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tanaka T, Sato T, Yamashita K, Hosoda K, Nakamura T, Watanabe M. Effect of Preoperative Nutritional Status on Surgical Site Infection in Colorectal Cancer Resection. Dig Surg. 2017;34(1):68\u201377.","journal-title":"Dig Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"3830_CR5","first-page":"1483","volume":"29","author":"F Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang F, Liu X, Tan Z, Li J, Fu D, Zhu L. Effect of postoperative hypoalbuminemia and supplement of human serum albumin on the development of surgical site infection following spinal fusion surgery: a retrospective study. European spine journal: official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical. Spine Res Soc. 2020;29(7):1483\u20139.","journal-title":"Spine Res Soc"},{"key":"3830_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286313","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1286313","volume":"13","author":"D Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li D, Ding S, Li J, Liao X, Ru K, Liu L, et al. Diagnostic value of inflammatory indicators for surgical site infection in patients with breast cancer. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023;13:1286313.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3830_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-022-01985-x","volume":"60","author":"J Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang J, Chen Y, Zou L, Gong R. Prognostic nutritional index as a risk factor for diabetic kidney disease and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol. 2023;60(2):235\u201345.","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"issue":"18","key":"3830_CR8","first-page":"5636","volume":"25","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Bao J, Zhu ZY, Jin MX. Prognostic nutritional index as a prognostic factor in lung cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021;25(18):5636\u201352.","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"3830_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3395","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000000614","volume":"109","author":"Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Y, Jiang Y, Luo Y, Lin X, Song M, Li J, et al. Prognostic nutritional index with postoperative complications and 2-year mortality in hip fracture patients: an observational cohort study. Int J Surg (London England). 2023;109(11):3395\u2013406.","journal-title":"Int J Surg (London England)"},{"issue":"3","key":"3830_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-024-05201-z","volume":"144","author":"M Tun\u00e7ez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tun\u00e7ez M, Bulut T, S\u00fcner U, \u00d6nder Y, Kaz\u0131mo\u011flu C. Prognostic nutritional index (PNI) is an independent risk factor for the postoperative mortality in geriatric patients undergoing hip arthroplasty for femoral neck fracture? A prospective controlled study. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2024;144(3):1289\u201395.","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"key":"3830_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2022.03.004","volume":"31","author":"S Nakamura","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nakamura S, Nakai T, Hosozawa K, Tanaka Y, Kishimoto K, Sakata K, et al. Treatment strategy for surgical site infection post posterior lumbar interbody fusion: A retrospective study. J Orthop. 2022;31:40\u20134.","journal-title":"J Orthop"},{"issue":"3","key":"3830_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1302\/2633-1462.33.BJO-2021-0181.R1","volume":"3","author":"H Badge","year":"2022","unstructured":"Badge H, Churches T, Xuan W, Naylor JM, Harris IA. Timing and duration of antibiotic prophylaxis is associated with the risk of infection after hip and knee arthroplasty. Bone joint open. 2022;3(3):252\u201360.","journal-title":"Bone joint open"},{"issue":"2","key":"3830_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.1.SPINE191410","volume":"33","author":"S Oe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oe S, Yamato Y, Hasegawa T, Yoshida G, Kobayashi S, Yasuda T, et al. Association between a prognostic nutritional index less than 50 and the risk of medical complications after adult spinal deformity surgery. J Neurosurg Spine. 2020;33(2):219\u201324.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"issue":"4","key":"3830_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2021.07.006","volume":"35","author":"J Seidelman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Seidelman J, Anderson DJ. Surgical Site Infections. Infect Dis Clin N Am. 2021;35(4):901\u201329.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin N Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"3830_CR15","first-page":"1535","volume":"39","author":"P Peng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Peng P, Chen L, Shen Q, Xu Z, Ding X. Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) and Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score for predicting outcomes of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pakistan J Med Sci. 2023;39(5):1535\u201341.","journal-title":"Pakistan J Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3830_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17272","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43391-5","volume":"13","author":"J Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li J, Zhu N, Wang C, You L, Guo W, Yuan Z, et al. Preoperative albumin-to-globulin ratio and prognostic nutritional index predict the prognosis of colorectal cancer: a retrospective study. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):17272.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"3830_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-024-01469-1","volume":"19","author":"Y Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen Y, Bei M, Liu G, Zhang J, Ge Y, Tan Z, et al. Prognostic nutritional index (PNI) is an independent predictor for functional outcome after hip fracture in the elderly: a prospective cohort study. Archives Osteoporos. 2024;19(1):107.","journal-title":"Archives Osteoporos"},{"key":"3830_CR18","volume-title":"Preoperative malnutrition and risk of re-revision and mortality following revision arthroplasty","author":"W Yao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yao W, Xu H, Chen X, Yang J, Pei F, Wang D, et al. Preoperative malnutrition and risk of re-revision and mortality following revision arthroplasty. London, England: International journal of surgery; 2025."},{"key":"3830_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219929","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1219929","volume":"14","author":"L Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang L, Ma W, Qiu Z, Kuang T, Wang K, Hu B, et al. Prognostic nutritional index as a prognostic biomarker for gastrointestinal cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1219929.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3830_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2022.32","volume":"44","author":"CE Edmiston Jr","year":"2023","unstructured":"Edmiston CE Jr., Leaper DJ, Chitnis AS, Holy CE, Chen BP. Risk and economic burden of surgical site infection following spinal fusion in adults. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2023;44(1):88\u201395.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3830_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1227\/ons.0000000000000341","volume":"23","author":"MB Cloney","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cloney MB, Hopkins B, Shlobin NA, Kelsten M, Goergen J, Driscoll C, et al. Surgical Site Infection in the Intensive Care Setting After Posterior Spinal Fusion: A Case Series Highlighting the Microbial Profile, Risk Factors, and the Importance of Comorbid Disease Burden. Oper Neurosurg. 2022;23(4):312\u20137.","journal-title":"Oper Neurosurg"},{"issue":"8","key":"3830_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2023.095","volume":"24","author":"F Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang F, Huang L, Li M, Quan Z, Wang Y, Luo H, et al. Effect of Pre-Operative Low Serum Pre-Albumin on Surgical Site Infection in Post-Surgery Subjects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Surg Infect. 2023;24(8):684\u201391.","journal-title":"Surg Infect"},{"issue":"23","key":"3830_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1356","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003157","volume":"44","author":"H Inose","year":"2019","unstructured":"Inose H, Kobayashi Y, Yuasa M, Hirai T, Yoshii T, Okawa A. Procalcitonin and Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio After Spinal Instrumentation Surgery. Spine. 2019;44(23):E1356\u201361.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"22","key":"3830_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001636","volume":"41","author":"A Soroceanu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Soroceanu A, Burton DC, Oren JH, Smith JS, Hostin R, Shaffrey CI, et al. Medical Complications After Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Clinical Impact. Spine. 2016;41(22):1718\u201323.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"11","key":"3830_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-018-3915-6","volume":"34","author":"CE Mackel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mackel CE, Jada A, Samdani AF, Stephen JH, Bennett JT, Baaj AA, et al. A comprehensive review of the diagnosis and management of congenital scoliosis. Child\u2019s Nerv system: ChNS : official J Int Soc Pediatr Neurosurg. 2018;34(11):2155\u201371.","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nerv system: ChNS : official J Int Soc Pediatr Neurosurg"}],"container-title":["BMC Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12893-026-03830-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12893-026-03830-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12893-026-03830-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T23:38:18Z","timestamp":1786491498000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12893-026-03830-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3830"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12893-026-03830-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2482"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2482","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This research was performed in accordance with the guidelines as set out by the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval for the project was obtained from the Peking University People\u2019s Hospital Institutional Review Board-2025PHB476-001. Informed consent was obtained from all patients.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"534"}}