{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:18:52Z","timestamp":1772165932643,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]],"date-time":"2021-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]],"date-time":"2021-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Urol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The optimal management of clinical T4 (cT4) prostate cancer (PC) is still uncertain. \nAt our institution, carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) for nonmetastatic PC, including tumors invading the bladder, has been performed since 2010. Since carbon ion beams provide a sharp dose distribution with minimal penumbra and have biological advantages over photon radiotherapy, CIRT may provide a therapeutic benefit for PC with bladder invasion. Hence, we evaluated CIRT for PC with bladder invasion in terms of the safety and efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between March 2010 and December 2016, a total of 1337 patients with nonmetastatic PC received CIRT at a total dose of 57.6\u00a0Gy (RBE) in 16 fractions over 4 weeks. Among them, seven patients who had locally advanced PC with bladder invasion were identified. Long-term androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) was also administered to these patients. Adverse events were graded according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Event version 5.0.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At the completion of our study, all the patients with cT4 PC were alive with a median follow-up period of 78 months. Grade 2 acute urinary disorders were observed in only one patient. Regarding late toxicities, only one patient developed grade 2 hematuria and urinary urgency. There was no grade 3 or worse toxicity, and gastrointestinal toxicity was not observed. Six (85.7%) patients had no recurrence or metastasis. One patient had biochemical and local failures 42 and 45 months after CIRT, respectively. However, the recurrent disease has been well controlled by salvage ADT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seven patients with locally advanced PC invading the bladder treated with CIRT were evaluated. Our findings seem to suggest positive safety and efficacy profiles for CIRT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-021-00871-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]],"date-time":"2021-08-06T09:06:57Z","timestamp":1628240817000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Carbon ion radiotherapy for prostate cancer with bladder invasion"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Yuhei","family":"Miyasaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4899-1715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hidemasa","family":"Kawamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiro","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nobuteru","family":"Kubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatsuji","family":"Mizukami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Matsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshiyuki","family":"Miyazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuto","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Nakano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Ohno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"871_CR1","unstructured":"National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Guidelines; Prostate Cancer version 2. 2019. https:\/\/www.nccn.org\/professionals\/physician_gls\/pdf\/prostate.pdf. Accessed 18 Jul 2019."},{"key":"871_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2010.04.010","volume":"184","author":"W Hsiao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hsiao W, Moses KA, Goodman M, Jani AB, Rossi PJ, Master VA. Stage IV prostate cancer: Survival differences in clinical t4, nodal and metastatic disease. J Urol. 2010;184:512\u20138.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"871_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2018.06.038","volume":"120","author":"AH Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim AH, Konety B, Chen Z, Schumacher F, Kutikov A, Smaldone M, et al. Comparative Effectiveness of Local and Systemic Therapy for T4 Prostate Cancer. Urology. 2018;120:173\u20139.","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"871_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(98)00544-6","volume":"44","author":"T Kanai","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kanai T, Endo M, Minohara S, Miyahara N, Koyama-Ito H, Tomura H, et al. Biophysical characteristics of HIMAC clinical irradiation system for heavy-ion radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;44:201\u201310.","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"871_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2005.04.022","volume":"63","author":"H Tsuji","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tsuji H, Yanagi T, Ishikawa H, Kamada T, Mizoe JE, Kanai T, et al. Hypofractionated radiotherapy with carbon ion beams for prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;63:1153\u201360.","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"871_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2006.08.015","volume":"81","author":"H Ishikawa","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ishikawa H, Tsuji H, Kamada T, Yanagi T, Mizoe JE, Kanai T, et al. Carbon ion radiation therapy for prostate cancer: Results of a prospective phase II study. Radiother Oncol. 2006;81:57\u201364.","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"871_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2012.01.072","volume":"84","author":"T Okada","year":"2012","unstructured":"Okada T, Tsuji H, Kamada T, Akakura K, Suzuki H, Shimazaki J, et al. Carbon Ion Radiotherapy in Advanced Hypofractionated Regimens for Prostate Cancer: From 20 to 16 Fractions Radiation Oncology. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012;84:968\u201372.","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"871_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2014.191","volume":"110","author":"T Nomiya","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nomiya T, Tsuji H, Maruyama K, Toyama S, Suzuki H, Akakura K, et al. Phase I\/II trial of definitive carbon ion radiotherapy for prostate cancer: evaluation of shortening of treatment period to 3 weeks. Br J Cancer. 2014;110:2389\u201395.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"871_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-020-6570-8","volume":"20","author":"H Kawamura","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kawamura H, Kubo N, Sato H, Mizukami T, Katoh H, Ishikawa H, et al. Moderately hypofractionated carbon ion radiotherapy for prostate cancer: a prospective observational study \u201cGUNMA0702.\u201d. BMC Cancer. 2020;20:75.","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"871_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Epstein JI, Allsbrook WC, Amin MB, Egevad LL, Bastacky S, L\u00f3pez Beltr\u00e1n A, et al. The 2005 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) consensus conference on Gleason grading of prostatic carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2005;29:1228\u201342.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000173646.99337.b1"},{"key":"871_CR11","unstructured":"NCI Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v5.0 data files. 2020. https:\/\/evs.nci.nih.gov\/ftp1\/CTCAE\/About.html. Accessed 31 May 2020."},{"key":"871_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roach M, Hanks G, Thames H, Schellhammer P, Shipley WU, Sokol GH, et al. Defining biochemical failure following radiotherapy with or without hormonal therapy in men with clinically localized prostate cancer: Recommendations of the RTOG-ASTRO Phoenix Consensus Conference. Int J Radiat Oncol. 2006;65:965\u201374.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2006.04.029"},{"key":"871_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-019-1767-5","volume":"18","author":"P Yuan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yuan P, Wang S, Liu X, Wang X, Ye Z, Chen Z. The role of cystoprostatectomy in management of locally advanced prostate cancer: A systematic review. World J Surg Oncol. 2020;18:1\u20137.","journal-title":"World J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"871_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.14393","volume":"123","author":"T Hajili","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hajili T, Ohlmann CH, Linxweiler J, Niklas C, Janssen M, Siemer S, et al. Radical prostatectomy in T4 prostate cancer after inductive androgen deprivation: results of a single-institution series with long-term follow-up. BJU Int. 2019;123:58\u201364.","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"871_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1159\/000230013","volume":"83","author":"T Kumazawa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kumazawa T, Tsuchiya N, Saito M, Inoue T, Narita S, Horikawa Y, et al. Cystoprostatectomy as a treatment of prostate cancer involving the bladder neck. Urol Int. 2009;83:141\u20135.","journal-title":"Urol Int"},{"key":"871_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.14011","volume":"26","author":"K Hatano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hatano K, Tohyama N, Kodama T, Okabe N, Sakai M, Konoeda K. Current status of intensity-modulated radiation therapy for prostate cancer: History, clinical results and future directions. Int J Urol. 2019;26:775\u201384.","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"871_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2012.01.007","volume":"103","author":"PJ Hoskin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hoskin PJ, Rojas AM, Bownes PJ, Lowe GJ, Ostler PJ, Bryant L. Randomised trial of external beam radiotherapy alone or combined with high-dose-rate brachytherapy boost for localised prostate cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2012;103:217\u201322.","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"871_CR18","first-page":"221","volume":"6","author":"WKB Ranasinghe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ranasinghe WKB, Reichard CA, Bathala T, Chapin BF. Management of cT4 Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol. 2020;6:221\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"871_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3225","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30050","volume":"122","author":"G Kasuya","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kasuya G, Ishikawa H, Tsuji H, Nomiya T, Makishima H, Kamada T, et al. Significant impact of biochemical recurrence on overall mortality in patients with high-risk prostate cancer after carbon-ion radiotherapy combined with androgen deprivation therapy. Cancer. 2016;122:3225\u201331.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"871_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2007.09.007","volume":"18","author":"O Cahlon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cahlon O, Hunt M, Zelefsky MJ. Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy: Supportive Data for Prostate Cancer. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2008;18:48\u201357.","journal-title":"Semin Radiat Oncol"}],"container-title":["BMC Urology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12894-021-00871-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12894-021-00871-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12894-021-00871-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]],"date-time":"2021-08-06T09:13:36Z","timestamp":1628241216000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcurol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12894-021-00871-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["871"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12894-021-00871-y","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-52301\/v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-52301\/v2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 July 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 July 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 August 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The current study was designed and conducted according to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and within the guidelines of Good Clinical Practices and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Gunma University. The need for written informed consent was waived because of the retrospective observational nature of this study, but all the patients in the study had the opportunity to opt-out.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"KS has received research grants from Takeda and Astellas outside of this work.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"106"}}