{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T23:08:58Z","timestamp":1790982538100,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717027200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3\/2\/March-2019\/PG-Thesis-HRD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3\/2\/March-2019\/PG-Thesis-HRD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Urol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Congenital inguinal hernia, hydrocele and undescended testis (UDT) are associated with patent processus vaginalis. The smooth muscles present in the processus vaginalis aid in the descent of the testis and undergo programmed cell death after testicular descent leading to obliteration. The persisting amount of smooth muscle in the processus vaginalis influences the clinical outcome as inguinal hernia, hydrocele or UDT. Therefore, a study was conducted to evaluate the processus vaginalis in these three conditions to observe the presence and phenotype of smooth muscle cells and the presence of myofibroblasts.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The processus vaginalis sacs in patients with inguinal hernia, hydrocele and UDT were examined using light microscopy for the presence and distribution of smooth muscle cells and immunohistochemical staining for vimentin, desmin, and \u03b1-smooth muscle actin (SMA) to identify the smooth muscle phenotype. Transmission electron microscopy was also performed in all the sacs to observe the presence of myofibroblasts.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Seventy-eight specimens of processus vaginalis (from seventy-four patients), distributed as 47%, 27%, and 26% as inguinal hernia, hydrocele and UDT respectively, were included in the study. The sacs from inguinal hernia and hydrocele had significantly more presence of smooth muscles distributed as multiple smooth muscle bundles (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Desmin and SMA staining of smooth muscle cells was observed in significantly more sacs from hydrocele, followed by inguinal hernia and UDT (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The sacs from UDT had a significant presence of striated muscles (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.028). The sacs from inguinal hernia had a significant presence of myofibroblasts, followed by hydrocele and UDT (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and this significantly correlated with the light microscopy and immunohistochemical features. The processus vaginalis sacs from four female patients did not differ statistically from the male inguinal hernia sacs in any of the above parameters.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The processus vaginalis sacs in pediatric inguinal hernia, hydrocele and undescended testis differ in the presence, distribution and phenotype of smooth muscles and the presence of myofibroblasts. The clinical presentations in these entities reflect these differences.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-024-01449-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T10:18:44Z","timestamp":1717064324000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A comparative study of smooth muscle cell characteristics and myofibroblasts in processus vaginalis of pediatric inguinal hernia, hydrocele and undescended testis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Nellai","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aanchal","family":"Kakkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tapas Chandra","family":"Nag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandeep","family":"Agarwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prabudh","family":"Goel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjan Kumar","family":"Dhua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"1449_CR1","volume-title":"Holcomb and Ashcraft\u2019s pediatric surgery. 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All procedures performed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and is in accordance with the ethical standards of the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all parents of the participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to disclose.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"115"}}