{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T23:35:32Z","timestamp":1776814532197,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":48,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Urol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-026-02101-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T12:35:53Z","timestamp":1772714153000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Utility of prostate-specific antigen density and its correlation with Gleason grade groups: a hospital-based cross-sectional study among patients with prostate-related urinary symptoms at Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ngutunyi","family":"Jackson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edrick","family":"Elias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Igenge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Ottoman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Subira","family":"Matiku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaban","family":"Idd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Mremi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cosmas","family":"Mbulwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jackson","family":"Kahima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benson","family":"Kidenya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Rambau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2101_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3322\/caac.21660 PMID: 33538338.","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660"},{"key":"2101_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bergengren O, Pekala KR, Matsoukas K, Fainberg J, Mungovan SF, Bratt O et al. 2022 Update on Prostate Cancer Epidemiology and Risk Factors\u2014A Systematic Review. Vol. 84, European Urology. Elsevier B.V.; 2023. pp. 191\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2023.04.021 PMID: 37202314.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2023.04.021"},{"issue":"02","key":"2101_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.4236\/ojepi.2022.122013","volume":"12","author":"DM Katabalo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Katabalo DM, Josephat J, Minja W, Mwita S, Marwa KJ, Rambau P. Prevalence, Grades and Management of Prostate Cancer among Men Attending Oncology Unit at Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania. Open J Epidemiol. 2022;12(02):146\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/ojepi.2022.122013.","journal-title":"Open J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2101_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gunda D, Kido I, Kilonzo S, Nkandala I, Igenge J, Mpondo B. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Incidentally Diagnosed Prostatic Carcinoma among Patients Who Had Transurethral Prostatectomy in Tanzania: A Retrospective Study. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2018;28(1):11\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/ejhs.v28i1.3 PMID: 29622903.","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhs.v28i1.3"},{"issue":"2","key":"2101_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.36348\/sjm.2022.v07i02.002","volume":"7","author":"Raphael DrJE, Abhulimen DrV","year":"2022","unstructured":"Raphael DrJE, Abhulimen DrV. Retrospective Analysis of Complications from Prostate Cancer among Nigerians. Saudi J Med. 2022;7(2):99\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36348\/sjm.2022.v07i02.002.","journal-title":"Saudi J Med"},{"key":"2101_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Just J, Osgun F, Knight C. Lower urinary tract symptoms and prostate cancer: Is PSA testing in men with symptoms wise? Vol. 68, British Journal of General Practice. Royal College of General Practitioners; 2018. pp. 541\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3399\/bjgp18X699689 PMID: 30361318.","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp18X699689"},{"issue":"3","key":"2101_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"025","DOI":"10.30574\/gscbps.2021.15.3.0125","volume":"15","author":"NNJ George EMa, Bartholomeo","year":"2021","unstructured":"George EMa, Bartholomeo NNJ, ZIe, Willium RH, Frank KC, et al. Clinical profile and outcomes of patients with clinical benign prostate hyperplasia treated by trans urethral resection of prostate at Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania. GSC Biol Pharm Sci. 2021;15(3):025\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30574\/gscbps.2021.15.3.0125.","journal-title":"GSC Biol Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2101_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mwashambwa MY, Lilungulu AG, Meremo AJ, Mccann M, Gesase AP. Retrospective review of clinical and pathological pattern of prostatic diseases: a reminder to clinicians on an increased clinical vigilance, an experience from central, Tanzania Retrospective review of clinical and pathological pattern of prostatic diseases: a reminder to clinicians on an increased clinical vigilance, an experience from central [Internet]. 27, Tanzan Med J. 2015.","DOI":"10.4314\/tmj.v27i1.191"},{"key":"2101_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thomson A, Li M, Grummet J, Sengupta S. Transperineal prostate biopsy: A review of technique. Translational Andrology and Urology. Volume 9. AME Publishing Company; 2021. pp. 3009\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/tau.2019.12.40.","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2019.12.40"},{"key":"2101_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Noureldin ME, Connor MJ, Boxall N, Miah S, Shah T, Walz J. Current techniques of prostate biopsy: An update from past to present. Translational Andrology and Urology. Volume 9. AME Publishing Company; 2020. pp. 1510\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/tau.2019.09.20.","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2019.09.20"},{"key":"2101_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gretzer MB, Partin AW. PSA Levels and the Probability of Prostate Cancer on Biopsy. Volume 1. European Urology Supplements; 2002.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-9056(02)00053-2"},{"key":"2101_CR12","first-page":"315","volume":"16","author":"BN Ngowi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ngowi BN, Mremi A, Seif MJ, Kyara YS, Mteta VK, Bright F, Mbwambo OJ et, alBT. Prostate Cancer: Burden and Correlation with Prostate Specific Antigen Among Screened African Men in Tanzania. Res Rep Urol. 2024;16:315\u201325. PMID: 39605854; PMCID: PMC11598594.","journal-title":"Res Rep Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2101_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-024-13194-6","volume":"24","author":"BN Ngowi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ngowi BN, Mremi A, Mbwambo OJ, Seventh F, Kalonge SH, Nkya C, et al. Trend in incidence and clinicopathological characteristics of prostate cancer in Northern Tanzania: analysis from a population based cancer registry data 2015\u20132021. BMC Cancer. 2024;24(1):1424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12885-024-13194-6. PMID: 39563287; PMCID: PMC11575071.","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"2101_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nordstr\u00f6m T, Akre O, Aly M, Gr\u00f6nberg H, Eklund M. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) density in the diagnostic algorithm of prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2018;21(1):57\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41391-017-0024-7 PMID: 29259293.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-017-0024-7"},{"key":"2101_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rhunsiri P, Sirisopana K, Jenjitranant P. Prediction of a novel prostate-specific antigen density cutoff value and use of transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy for diagnosis of prostate cancer in Thailand. Insight Urol 43(1):1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52786\/is42","DOI":"10.52786\/is42"},{"key":"2101_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Benson MC, Ihn Seong Whang, Pantuck A, Ring K, Kaplan SA, Olsson CA et al. Prostate specific antigen density: A means of distinguishing benign prostatic hypertrophy and prostate cancer. Journal of Urology. 1992;147(3 II):815\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0022-5347(17)37393-7 PMID: 1371554.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-5347(17)37393-7"},{"issue":"2","key":"2101_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.36303\/auj.0021","volume":"2","author":"A Maher","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maher A, Urry R, Sathiram R. The utility of PSA density and free PSA in the prostate biopsy decision pathway in a South African population. Afr Urol. 2022;2(2):81\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36303\/auj.0021.","journal-title":"Afr Urol"},{"key":"2101_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catalona WJ, Southwick PC, Slawin KM, Partin AW, Brawer MK, Flanigan RC et al. Comparison of percent free Psa, Psa density, and age-specific Psa cutoffs for prostate cancer detection and staging adult urology. 2000.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(00)00637-3"},{"key":"2101_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Omri N, Kamil M, Alexander K, Alexander K, Edmond S, Ariel Z et al. Association between PSA density and pathologically significant prostate cancer: The impact of prostate volume. Prostate. 2020;80(16):1444\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pros.24078 PMID: 32970856.","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.24078"},{"key":"2101_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henderson RJ, Eastham JA, Culkin DJ, Kattan MW, Whatley T, Mata J et al. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) and PSA Density: Racial Differences in Men Without Prostate Cancer [Internet]. 1997.","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/89.2.134"},{"key":"2101_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mottet N, Van Den Bergh RCN, Briers E, Van Den Broeck T, Cumberbatch MG, De Santis M, et al. EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-SIOG Guidelines on Prostate Cancer-2020 Update. Part 1: Screening, Diagnosis, and Local Treatment with Curative Intent. 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2020.09.042"},{"key":"2101_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Song ZJ, Qian JK, Yang Y, Wu HX, Wang MY, Jiang SY et al. PSA density in the diagnosis of prostate cancer in the Chinese population: Results from the Chinese Prostate Cancer Consortium. Asian J Androl. 2021;23(3):300\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/aja.aja_61_20 PMID: 33208562.","DOI":"10.4103\/aja.aja_61_20"},{"key":"2101_CR23","unstructured":"Abonyo C, Abonyo AO, Nairobi K, Ndaguatha P, Abonyo C, Ndaguatha P et al. TO Assess the correlation between prostate specific antigen density and prostate biopsy results of patients with raised prostatic specific antigen levels at the kenyatta national hospital. Vol. 97, East african medical journal 2975 East African Medical Journal. 2020."},{"key":"2101_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Udeh EI, Nnabugwu II, Ozoemena FO, Ugwumba FO, Aderibigbe ASO, Ohayi SR, et al. Prostate-specific antigen density values among patients with symptomatic prostatic enlargement in Nigeria. World J Surg Oncol. 2016;14(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12957-016-0921-6. PMID: 27356753.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-016-0921-6"},{"key":"2101_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Daryanto B, Trianto R, Seputra KP, Purnomo AF. Evaluation of Cutoff Point Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and Prostate Specific Antigen Density (PSAD) in Patients with Suspected Prostate Cancer. Med Arch. 2024;78(1):12\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5455\/medarh.2024.78.12-15 PMID: 38481588.","DOI":"10.5455\/medarh.2024.78.12-15"},{"key":"2101_CR26","first-page":"39","volume":"4","author":"M Lotfi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lotfi M, Roshan N, Foroughi AA. Comparison of Prostate Specific Antigen and Prostate Specific Antigen Density for Predicting the Degree of Gleason Score of Prostate Cancer. J Anal Oncol. 2015;4:39\u201343.","journal-title":"J Anal Oncol"},{"issue":"22","key":"2101_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1056\/nejme048003","volume":"350","author":"HB Carter","year":"2004","unstructured":"Carter HB. Prostate Cancers in Men with Low PSA Levels \u2014 Must We Find Them? N Engl J Med. 2004;350(22):2292\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejme048003. PMID: 15163780.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Urology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12894-026-02101-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12894-026-02101-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12894-026-02101-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T22:42:34Z","timestamp":1776811354000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12894-026-02101-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12894-026-02101-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical clearance was given by the joint CUHAS\/BMC Research Ethics and Review Committee before the commencement of the study, with clearance certificate number CREC\/718\/2023. Informed consent to participate in this study was obtained from each participant.The study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The study protocol was approved by the Joint CUHAS\/BMC Research Ethics and Review Committee, and publication consent for research findings and related images was obtained from each participant.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"101"}}