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Due to the wide range of effects in humans, any disruption in hGH secretion could have serious consequences. This highlights the clinical importance of hGH production in the treatment of different diseases associated with a deficiency of this hormone. The production of recombinant mature hormone in suitable hosts and secretion of this therapeutic protein into the extracellular space can be considered as one of the best cost-effective approaches not only to obtain the active form of the protein but also endotoxin-free preparation. Since the natural growth hormone signal peptide is of eukaryotic origin and is not detectable by any of the\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      secretory systems, including Sec and Tat, and is therefore unable to secrete hGH in the prokaryotic systems, designing a new and efficient signal peptide is essential to direct hGh to the extracellular space.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, using a combination of the bioinformatics design and molecular genetics, the protein A signal peptide from\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      was modified, redesigned and then fused to the mature hGH coding region. The recombinant hGH was then expressed in\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and successfully secreted to the medium through the Sec pathway. Secretion of the hGH into the medium was verified using SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis. Recombinant hGH was then expressed in\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and successfully secreted into cell culture medium via the Sec pathway. The secretion of hGH into the extracellular medium was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis. Furthermore, the addition of glycine was shown to improve hGH secretion onto the culture medium. Equations for determining the optimal conditions were also determined. Functional hGH analysis using an ELISA-based method confirmed that the ratio of the active form of secreted hGH to the inactive form in the periplasm is higher than this ratio in the cytoplasm.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Since the native signal protein peptide of\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      protein A was not able to deliver hGH to the extracellular space, it was modified using bioinformatics tools and fused to the n-terminal region of hGh to show that the redesigned signal peptide was functional.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12896-021-00701-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T13:04:43Z","timestamp":1629119083000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Optimization of expression, purification and secretion of functional recombinant human growth hormone in Escherichia coli using modified staphylococcal protein a signal peptide"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Garshasb","family":"Rigi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amin","family":"Rostami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Habib","family":"Ghomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gholamreza","family":"Ahmadian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasiqe Sadat","family":"Mirbagheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meisam","family":"Jeiranikhameneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Vahed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahel","family":"Rahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"701_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-006-0673-2","volume":"74","author":"J Sereikaite","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sereikaite J, Statkute A, Morkunas M, Radzevicius K, Borromeo V, Secchi C, et al. 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