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Our research is focused on the encapsulation of phage HK6 within chitosan nanoparticles.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Encapsulation significantly improves stability, efficacy, and delivery of phages. Chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) achieve a phage entrapment efficiency of 97%. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) reveals shifts towards higher wavenumbers and a new peak, indicating amide bond formation and successful phage encapsulation. The average particle sizes for CS-NP and phage HK6 encapsulated CS-NPs were 180\u2009\u00b1\u200910\u00a0nm and 297\u2009\u00b1\u200918\u00a0nm, respectively. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analyses reveal that phage HK6 encapsulated CS-NPs are larger on average than CS-NPs, highlighting successful phage encapsulation. Encapsulated bacteriophages maintain its effectiveness at higher pH levels of 11 and 12. Both encapsulated and free bacteriophages are thermostable between 25 and 60\u00a0\u00b0C; while at higher temperatures (up to 80\u00a0\u00b0C), the encapsulated phage is thermally stable. Over four days, 70.57% of phages were released from encapsulated CS-NPs. Encapsulation of bacteriophage HK6 in CS-NPs enhances antibacterial activity within the first 2\u00a0h, compared to phage or nanoparticles alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This suggests that the phage HK6 encapsulated CS-NPs exhibit potentiality as biocontrol agents against resistant microorganisms offering an alternative to phage alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12896-024-00934-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T07:56:40Z","timestamp":1736150200000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Chitosan nano-formulation enhances stability and bactericidal activity of the lytic phage HK6"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Hasnaa R.","family":"Temsaah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karim","family":"Abdelkader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amr E.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nada","family":"Elgiddawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zienab E.","family":"Eldin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hend Ali","family":"Elshebrawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nahed Gomaa","family":"Kasem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma A.","family":"El-Gohary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed. 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