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The aim of this study was to develop an enteric sustained-release granule formulation of Lactobacillus plantarum to enhance probiotic stability, promote targeted intestinal delivery, and evaluate its therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of colitis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sustained-release enteric pellets containing\n                      <jats:italic>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                      were prepared using a low-temperature wet granulation and extrusion process, followed by coating with pH-responsive polymers (HPMCP or Eudragit L100). In vitro release behavior was evaluated in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. Therapeutic efficacy was assessed in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced acute colitis mouse model using histopathology, macrophage polarization, and gut microbiota analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The sustained-release granules exhibited a narrow and uniform particle size distribution, with diameters ranging from 40 to 80 mesh (180\u2013425\u2009\u03bcm). More than 85% of the granules were distributed within the 40\u201360 mesh fraction (250\u2013425\u2009\u03bcm). The micropellets exhibited adequate mechanical strength for handling and processing. The enteric-coated micropellets showed pronounced acid resistance, retaining over 70% bacterial viability after 2\u2009h in simulated gastric fluid, compared with &lt;30% for free bacterial powder. In simulated intestinal fluid, the micropellets achieved sustained bacterial release for over 2\u2009h. In DSS-induced colitis mice, treatment with the granule formulations resulted in a more pronounced trend toward histological recovery. Moreover, the sustained-release granules promoted M2 macrophage polarization and partially restored gut microbial diversity, as evidenced by normalization of the Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The sustained-release enteric pellet system effectively protects\n                      <jats:italic>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                      during gastrointestinal transit and achieves targeted intestinal release. Integrating mechanical shielding with pH-triggered dissolution significantly enhances probiotic gastrointestinal survival and therapeutic efficacy. This delivery platform represents a safe, scalable, and broadly applicable strategy for treating intestinal inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, the approach provides a versatile framework for delivering other probiotic strains or combinations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12896-026-01157-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T20:07:02Z","timestamp":1776802022000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sustained-release enteric formulations of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum based on granulation technology: preparation and therapeutic evaluation in acute colitis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Xiwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xile","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaocan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miaomiao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangzhou","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"1157_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.66","volume":"11","author":"C Hill","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hill C, Guarner F, Reid G, Gibson GR, Merenstein DJ, Pot B, et al. 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