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In this study, we present an in silico affinity-maturation workflow designed to improve the affinity of an scFv directed against\n                      <jats:italic>Neisseria meningitidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      factor H-binding protein (fHbp) by integrating in silico maturation, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and experimental validation. Approximately 300 single-point substitutions were designed at scFv residues predicted to interact with fHbp, and the resulting V3 (R99D) scFv\u2013fHbp complexes were analyzed through all-atom MD simulations. Guided by bioinformatic analyses, the top V3 (R99D) variant was cloned and expressed, and its binding activity was validated by ELISA.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MD analyses identified five variants, Y35H, L31R, R99D, R99H, and A100K, that exhibited markedly enhanced complex stability. In all variants, the scFv secondary structure remained intact, whereas fHbp showed shrinkage relative to the scFv in the V3 (R99D)\u2013fHbp complexes during the simulations. Hydrogen-bonding patterns and inter-residue distances further supported the improved affinity of the variants relative to the native form. The R99D variant showed the highest binding affinity, with an experimentally measured value of 67.93\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u2079 M\u207b\u00b9.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Collectively, these findings underscore affinity maturation as a powerful strategy for engineering high-affinity antibody fragments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12896-026-01204-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T01:59:02Z","timestamp":1784944742000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Affinity improvement of specific scFvs interacting with the Neisseria meningitidis factor H-binding protein: a molecular dynamics simulation approach and experimental study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Bijan","family":"Ghazanfari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Ebrahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6350-7162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Yarian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arezu","family":"Lari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Ghanbariasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahram","family":"Kazemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"1204_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3205","DOI":"10.1021\/cr000056b","volume":"101","author":"RH Hoess","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hoess RH. 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