{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T20:49:34Z","timestamp":1789850974110,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,2]],"date-time":"2018-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522627200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Endocr Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-018-0247-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,3]],"date-time":"2018-04-03T23:19:37Z","timestamp":1522797577000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Utility of serum IGF-1 for diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency following traumatic brain injury and sport-related concussion"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3140-6957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirstie","family":"Lithgow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Chin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chantel T.","family":"Debert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory A.","family":"Kline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"247_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.132837","volume":"79","author":"LA Behan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Behan LA, Phillips J, Thompson CJ, Agha A. Neuroendocrine disorders after traumatic brain injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79(7):753\u20139.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"247_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-813","volume":"7","author":"M Brod","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brod M, Pohlman B, H\u00f8jbjerre L, Adalsteinsson JE, Rasmussen MH. Impact of adult growth hormone deficiency on daily functioning and well-being. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7:813.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"2","key":"247_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.2.8216","volume":"87","author":"ML Hartman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hartman ML, Crowe BJ, Biller BM, Ho KK, Clemmons DR, Chipman JJ, Board HA, Group USHS. Which patients do not require a GH stimulation test for the diagnosis of adult GH deficiency? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(2):477\u201385.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"247_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.8.FOCUS11182","volume":"31","author":"J Dubourg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dubourg J, Messerer M. Sports-related chronic repetitive head trauma as a cause of pituitary dysfunction. Neurosurg Focus. 2011;31(5):E2.","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"issue":"6","key":"247_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0179","volume":"96","author":"ME Molitch","year":"2011","unstructured":"Molitch ME, Clemmons DR, Malozowski S, Merriam GR, Vance ML, Society E. Evaluation and treatment of adult growth hormone deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(6):1587\u2013609.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"247_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01884.x","volume":"59","author":"CA Lissett","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lissett CA, J\u00f6nsson P, Monson JP, Shalet SM, Board KI. Determinants of IGF-I status in a large cohort of growth hormone-deficient (GHD) subjects: the role of timing of onset of GHD. Clin Endocrinol. 2003;59(6):773\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"247_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2010.03935.x","volume":"74","author":"DJ Zgaljardic","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zgaljardic DJ, Guttikonda S, Grady JJ, Gilkison CR, Mossberg KA, High WM, Masel BE, Urban RJ. Serum IGF-1 concentrations in a sample of patients with traumatic brain injury as a diagnostic marker of growth hormone secretory response to glucagon stimulation testing. Clin Endocrinol. 2011;74(3):365\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"247_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S65814","volume":"11","author":"F Tanriverdi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tanriverdi F, Kelestimur F. Pituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injury: clinical perspectives. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2015;11:1835\u201343.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"issue":"9","key":"247_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.0245","volume":"24","author":"JF Malec","year":"2007","unstructured":"Malec JF, Brown AW, Leibson CL, Flaada JT, Mandrekar JN, Diehl NN, Perkins PK. The mayo classification system for traumatic brain injury severity. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24(9):1417\u201324.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"3","key":"247_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-09-0824","volume":"162","author":"C Berg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Berg C, Meinel T, Lahner H, Yuece A, Mann K, Petersenn S. Diagnostic utility of the glucagon stimulation test in comparison to the insulin tolerance test in patients following pituitary surgery. Eur J Endocrinol. 2010;162(3):477\u201382.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"247_CR11","unstructured":"IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 24.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA."},{"issue":"9","key":"247_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3450","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-1257","volume":"101","author":"P Chanson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chanson P, Arnoux A, Mavromati M, Brailly-Tabard S, Massart C, Young J, Piketty ML, Souberbielle JC, Investigators V. Reference values for IGF-I serum concentrations: comparison of six immunoassays. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(9):3450\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"247_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2003.203","volume":"41","author":"MB Ranke","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ranke MB, Osterziel KJ, Schweizer R, Schuett B, Weber K, R\u00f6bbel P, Vornwald A, Blumenstock G, Elmlinger MW. Reference levels of insulin-like growth factor I in the serum of healthy adults: comparison of four immunoassays. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2003;41(10):1329\u201334.","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"247_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.02836.x","volume":"67","author":"A Pokrajac","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pokrajac A, Wark G, Ellis AR, Wear J, Wieringa GE, Trainer PJ. Variation in GH and IGF-I assays limits the applicability of international consensus criteria to local practice. Clin Endocrinol. 2007;67(1):65\u201370.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"247_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-3059","volume":"99","author":"M Bidlingmaier","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bidlingmaier M, Friedrich N, Emeny RT, Spranger J, Wolthers OD, Roswall J, K\u00f6rner A, Obermayer-Pietsch B, H\u00fcbener C, Dahlgren J, et al. Reference intervals for insulin-like growth factor-1 (igf-i) from birth to senescence: results from a multicenter study using a new automated chemiluminescence IGF-I immunoassay conforming to recent international recommendations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(5):1712\u201321.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"247_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2013.208538","volume":"60","author":"HD Cox","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cox HD, Lopes F, Woldemariam GA, Becker JO, Parkin MC, Thomas A, Butch AW, Cowan DA, Thevis M, Bowers LD, et al. Interlaboratory agreement of insulin-like growth factor 1 concentrations measured by mass spectrometry. Clin Chem. 2014;60(3):541\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"7","key":"247_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2014.234799","volume":"61","author":"J Hines","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hines J, Milosevic D, Ketha H, Taylor R, Algeciras-Schimnich A, Grebe SK, Singh RJ. Detection of IGF-1 protein variants by use of LC-MS with high-resolution accurate mass in routine clinical analysis. Clin Chem. 2015;61(7):990\u20131.","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"247_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-006-6047-z","volume":"8","author":"V Popovic","year":"2005","unstructured":"Popovic V. GH deficiency as the most common pituitary defect after TBI: clinical implications. Pituitary. 2005;8(3\u20134):239\u201343.","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"247_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langelier DM, Kline GA, Debert CT. Neuroendocrine dysfunction in a young athlete with concussion: a case report. Clin J Sport Med. 2017;","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000408"},{"key":"247_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972617","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/972617","volume":"2012","author":"N Glynn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Glynn N, Agha A. Diagnosing growth hormone deficiency in adults. Int J Endocrinol. 2012;2012:972617.","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"}],"container-title":["BMC Endocrine Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-018-0247-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12902-018-0247-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-018-0247-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]],"date-time":"2019-04-01T19:23:23Z","timestamp":1554146603000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12902-018-0247-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,2]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["247"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12902-018-0247-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 October 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 March 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 April 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that the procedures followed in this study were in accordance with the ethical approval s of the Conjoint Health Research Ethics Board at the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (REB16\u20130355). Our study was granted waiver of consent by the Conjoint Health Research Ethics Board on the grounds that contacting all patients was thought to be unfeasible (due to the study\u2019s retrospective nature, we did not have up to date contact information for all participants) as well as the minimal risk of harm to participants given our study did not involve any direct interaction or procedures.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"20"}}