{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T17:32:16Z","timestamp":1762018336223,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611619200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004919","name":"King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["14-MED 1963-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14-MED 1963-20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004919","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Endocr Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) is a heterogeneous autosomal-dominant disorder of calcium hemostasis that may be difficult to distinguish clinically from mild primary hyperparathyroidism. Loss-of-function mutations mainly involving Arg15 residue of the adaptor-related protein complex 2, sigma subunit 1 (AP2S1) cause a rarer, more recently recognized form of FHH, FFH type-3. Recently, <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-fluorocholine positron emission tomography\/computed tomography (FCH-PET\/CT) showed superior sensitivity to conventional imaging in localizing parathyroid adenomas. We report a new FFH type-3 patient who underwent unnecessary parathyroidectomy in association with misleading FCH-PET\/CT imaging.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A 29-year old woman was initially evaluated for parathyroid hormone (PTH)-dependent hypercalcemia in 2013. Medical history was positive only for chronic constipation and malaise with no personal or family history of hypercalcemia, kidney stones, or neck surgery. Over seven years, serum calcium level was 2.51\u20132.89\u00a0mmol\/L with concomitant PTH level of 58.7\u201394.8\u00a0mmol\/L. Serum phosphate levels were in the low\/low normal range. Serum creatinine and magnesium levels were normal. 25-hydroxy vitamin D level was 13\u00a0nmol\/L. 24-hour urine calcium level was 1.92\u00a0mmol\/day but increased to 6.99\u00a0mmol\/day after treatment with cholecalciferol 1000\u00a0IU daily. Bone mineral density and renal ultrasound were normal. Parathyroid ultrasound showed two hypoechoic nodules inferior to the left and right thyroid lobes; however, <jats:sup>99m<\/jats:sup>technitium-sestamibi scans (2013, 2016, 2018) were negative. FCH-PET\/CT (2019) showed focal uptake co-localizing with the nodule inferior to the left thyroid lobe. The patient underwent left inferior parathyroidectomy and pathology was consistent with parathyroid hyperplasia. However, postoperatively, serum calcium and PTH levels remained elevated and FCH-PET\/CT and ultrasound showed persistence of the uptake\/nodule. Whole exome sequencing showed Arg15Cys mutation in the AP2S1 gene characteristic of FHH type-3.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this new case of FHH type-3, FCH-PET\/CT failed to localize to the hyperplastic parathyroid glands and localized instead to apparently a lymph node. This, together with increased urinary calcium after vitamin D supplementation, led to unnecessary parathyroidectomy. Given the increasingly lower cost of genetic testing and the cost of follow up and unnecessary surgery, it may prudent to include genetic testing for FHH early on in patients with mild PTH-dependent hypercalcemia.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-021-00683-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T12:18:32Z","timestamp":1611663512000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Misleading localization by 18F-fluorocholine PET\/CT in familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia type-3: a case report"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Noha N","family":"Mukhtar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohei El-Din M","family":"Abouzied","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed H","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad M","family":"Hammami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"683_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2003.10.010","volume":"35","author":"RV Thakker","year":"2004","unstructured":"Thakker RV. Diseases associated with the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor. Cell Calcium. 2004;35(3):275\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ceca.2003.10.010.","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"key":"683_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e32834c3c7c","volume":"18","author":"SE Christensen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Christensen SE, Nissen PH, Vestergaard P, MosekildeL. Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia: a review. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2011;18:359\u201370.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"issue":"5","key":"683_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2018.05.004","volume":"32","author":"JY Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee JY, Shoback DM. Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia and related disorders. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;32(5):609\u201319.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"5","key":"683_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-3442","volume":"101","author":"R Vargas-Poussou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vargas-Poussou R, Mansour-Hendili L, Baron S, Bertocchio JP, Travers C, Simian C, Treard C, Baudouin V, Beltran S, Broux F, Camard O, Cloarec S, Cormier C, Debussche X, Dubosclard E, Eid C, Haymann JP, Kiando SR, Kuhn JM, Lefort G, Linglart A, Lucas-Pouliquen B, Macher MA, Maruani G, Ouzounian S, Polak M, Requeda E, Robier D, Silve C, Souberbielle JC, Tack I, Vezzosi D, Jeunemaitre X, Houillier PJ. Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia Types 1 and 3 and Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Similarities and Differences. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(5):2185\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2015-3442 Epub 2016 Mar 10.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"683_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1300253","volume":"368","author":"MA Nesbit","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nesbit MA, Hannan FM, Howles SA, Babinsky VN, Head RA, Cranston T, Rust N, Hobbs MR, Heath H 3rd, Thakker RV. Mutations affecting G-protein subunit alpha11 in hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:2476\u201386.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"683_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2778","volume":"31","author":"CM Gorvin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gorvin CM, Cranston T, Hannan FM, Rust N, Qureshi A, Nesbit MA, Thakker RV. A G-protein subunit-alpha-11 loss-of-fuction mutation, Thr54Met, causes familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia Type 2 (FHH2). J Bone Miner Res. 2016;31:1200\u20136.","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"683_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1311-5","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-1120","volume":"99","author":"GN Hendy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hendy GN, Canaff L, Newfield RS, Tripto-Shkolnik L, Wong BYL, Lee BSP, Cole DEC. Codon Arg 15 mutations of the AP2S1 gene: common occurrence in familial Hypocalciuric hypercalcemia cases negative for calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) mutations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:E1311-5.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"18","key":"683_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5079","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddv226","volume":"24","author":"FM Hannan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hannan FM, Howles SA, Rogers A, Cranston T, Gorvin CM, Babinsky VN, Reed AA, Thakker CE, Bockenhauer D, Brown RS, Connell JM, Cook J, Darzy K, Ehtisham S, Graham U, Hulse T, Hunter SJ, Izatt L, Kumar D, McKenna MJ, McKnight JA, Morrison PJ, Mughal MZ, O\u2019Halloran D, Pearce SH, Porteous ME, Rahman M, Richardson T, Robinson R, Scheers I, Siddique H, Van\u2019t Hoff WG, Wang T, Whyte MP, Nesbit MA. Thakker RV.Adaptor protein-2 sigma subunit mutations causing familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia type 3 (FHH3) demonstrate genotype\u2013phenotype correlations, codon bias and dominant-negative effects. Hum Mol Genet. 2015;24(18):5079\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hmg\/ddv226.","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"5","key":"683_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddy010","volume":"27","author":"CM Gorvin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gorvin CM, Metpally R, Stokes VJ, Hannan FM, Krishnamurthy SB, Overton JD, Reid JG, Breitwieser GE, Thakker RV. Large-scale exome datasets reveal a new class of adaptor-related protein complex 2 sigma subunit (AP2\u03c3) mutations, located at the interface with the AP2 alpha subunit, that impair calcium-sensing receptor signaling. Hum Mol Genet. 2018;27(5):901\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hmg\/ddy010.","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet."},{"key":"683_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mutations in AP2S1 cause familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia type 3. Nesbit MA, Hannan FM, Howles SA, Reed AA, Cranston T, Thakker CE, Gregory L, Rimmer AJ, Rust N, Graham U, Morrison PJ, Hunter SJ, Whyte MP, McVean G, Buck D, Thakker RV.Nat Genet. 2013;45(1):93\u20137. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng.2492. Epub 2012 Dec 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2492"},{"key":"683_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R127","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-16-0124","volume":"57","author":"FM Hannan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hannan FM, Babinsky VN, Thakker RV. Disorders of the calcium-sensing receptor and partner proteins: insights into the molecular basis of calcium homeostasis. J Mol Endocrinol. 2016;57:R127\u201342.","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"683_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-017-1241-5","volume":"55","author":"A Szalat","year":"2017","unstructured":"Szalat A, Shpitzen S, Tsur A, Koren IZ, Shilo S, Tripto-Shkolnik L, Durst R, Leitersdorf E, Meiner V. Stepwise CaSR, AP2S1, and GNA11 sequencing in patients with suspected familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia. Endocrine. 2017;55:741.","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"683_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(92)90229-5","volume":"93","author":"CT McMurtry","year":"1992","unstructured":"McMurtry CT, Schranck FW, Walkenhorst DA, Murphy WA, Kocher DB, Teitelbaum SL, Rupich RC, Whyte MP. Significant developmental elevation in serum parathyroid hormone levels in a large kindred with familial benign (hypocalciuric) hypercalcemia. Am J Med. 1992;93:247\u201358.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"683_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3339","volume":"33","author":"SJ Marx","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marx SJ. Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia as an atypical form of primary hyperparathyroidism. J Bone Miner Res. 2018;33:27\u201331.","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"683_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-018-0347-4","volume":"9","author":"SJ Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim SJ, Lee SW, Jeong SY, Pak K, Kim K. Diagnostic performance of F-18 fluorocholine PET\/CT for parathyroid localization in hyperparathyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Horm Cancer. 2018;9:440\u20137.","journal-title":"Horm Cancer"},{"key":"683_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-018-4123-z","volume":"46","author":"G Treglia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Treglia G, Piccardo A, Imperiale A, Strobel K, Kaufmann PA, Prior JO, Giovanella L. Diagnostic performance of choline PET for detection of hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands in hyperparathyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2019;46:751\u201365.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"683_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boccalatte LA, Higuera F, G\u00f3mez NL, de la Torre AY, Mazzaro EL, Galich AM, Collaud C, Figari MF. Usefulness of 18F-Fluorocholine Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography in Locating Lesions in Hyperparathyroidism: A Systematic Review. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaoto.2019.0574.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2019.0574"},{"issue":"9","key":"683_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s12149-020-01507-1","volume":"34","author":"L Evangelista","year":"2020","unstructured":"Evangelista L, Ravelli I, Magnani F, Iacobone M, Giraudo C, Camozzi V, Spimpolo A, Cecchin D. 18F-choline PET\/CT and PET\/MRI in primary and recurrent hyperparathyroidism: a systematic review of the literature. Ann Nucl Med. 2020;34(9):601\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12149-020-01507-1 Epub 2020 Aug 7.","journal-title":"Ann Nucl Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"683_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.119.233213","volume":"61","author":"Y Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu Y, Dang Y, Huo L, Hu Y, Wang O, Liu H, Chang X, Liu Y, Xing X, Li F, Liao Q, Hacker M, Li X, Kreissl MC. Preoperative Localization of Adenomas in Primary Hyperparathyroidism: The Value of (11)C-Choline PET\/CT in Patients with Negative or Discordant Findings on Ultrasonography and (99 m)Tc-Sestamibi SPECT\/CT. J Nucl Med. 2020;61(4):584\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2967\/jnumed.119.233213 Epub 2019 Oct 10. PMID: 31601698.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"683_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2019.0268","volume":"21","author":"L Uslu-Be\u015fli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Uslu-Be\u015fli L, Sonmezoglu K, Teksoz S, Akgun E, Karayel E, Pehlivanoglu H, Khosroshahi BR, Ocak M, Kabasakal L, Sager S. BukeyY. Performance of F-18 Fluorocholine PET\/CT for Detection of Hyperfunctioning Parathyroid Tissue in Patients with Elevated Parathyroid Hormone Levels and Negative or Discrepant Results in conventional Imaging. Korean J Radiol. 2020;21(2):236\u201347.","journal-title":"Korean J Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"683_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.119.229914","volume":"61","author":"A Cuderman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cuderman A, Senica K, Rep S, Hocevar M, Kocjan T, Sever MJ, Zaletel K, Lezaic L. 18F-Fluorocholine PET\/CT in Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Superior Diagnostic Performance to Conventional Scintigraphic Imaging for Localization of Hyperfunctioning Parathyroid Glands. J Nucl Med. 2020;61(4):577\u201383. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2967\/jnumed.119.229914.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"683_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Morland D, Lalire P, Deguelte S, Zalzali M, Richard C, Dejust S, Boulagnon C, Ly S, Papathanassiou D, Delemer B. Added value of 18F-fluorocholine positron emission tomography-computed tomography in presurgical localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands after dual tracer subtraction scintigraphy failure: A retrospective study of 47 patients Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99(2):e18681.doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000018681.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000018681"},{"key":"683_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-018-4147-4","volume":"46","author":"A Piccardo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Piccardo A, Trimboli P, Rutigliani M, Puntoni M, Foppiani L, Bacigalupo L, Crescenzi A, Bottoni G, Treglia G, Paparo F. Additional value of integrated 18F-choline PET\/4D contrast-enhanced CT in the localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands and correlation with molecular profile. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2019;46:766\u201375. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00259-018-4147-4.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"683_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-018-4018-z","author":"S Grimaldi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grimaldi S, Young J, Kamenicky P, Hartl D, Terroir M, Leboulleux S, Berdelou A, Hadoux J, Hescot S, Remy H, Baudin E, Schlumberger M, Deandreis D. Challenging pre-surgical localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands in primary hyperparathyroidism: the added value of 18F-fluorocholine PET\/CT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00259-018-4018-z.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"683_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-019-0544-3","volume":"9","author":"WAM Broos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Broos WAM, Wondergem M, Knol RJJ, van der Zant FM. Parathyroid imaging with 18-F-flurocholine PET\/CT as a first-line imaging modality in primary hyperparathyroidism: a retrospective cohort study. EJNMMI Research. 2019;9:72.","journal-title":"EJNMMI Research"},{"key":"683_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1990.tb03881.x","volume":"33","author":"JL Pasieka","year":"1990","unstructured":"Pasieka JL, Andersen MA, Hanley DA. Familial benign hypercalcaemia: hypercalciuria and hypocalciuria in affected members of a small kindred. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1990;33:429.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"1","key":"683_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-017-0163-9","volume":"17","author":"MM Hammami","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hammami MM, Yusuf A. Differential effects of vitamin D2 and D3 supplements on 25-hydroxyvitamin D level are dose, sex, and time dependent: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Endocr Disord. 2017;17(1):12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12902-017-0163-9.","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"683_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wong FCK, Wong WS, Kwwok JSS, Tsui TKC, Lau KP, Chan MHM, Yuen YP. A Hong Kong Chinese kindred with familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia caused by AP2S1 mutation,\u201d F1000Res, 2019,\u00a0 8, p.\u00a01612. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.20344.1.","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.20344.1"},{"key":"683_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03259.x","volume":"69","author":"SE Christensen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Christensen SE, Nissen PH, Vestergaard P, Heickendorff L, Brixen K, Mosekilde L. Discriminative power of three indices of renal calcium excretion for the distinction between familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia and primary hyperparathyroidism: a follow-up study on methods. Clin Endocrinol. 2008;69:713\u201320. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03259.x.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"683_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200012213432508","volume":"343","author":"SJ Marx","year":"2000","unstructured":"Marx SJ. Hyperparathyroid and hypoparathyroid disorders. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1863\u201375. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM200012213432508.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"683_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9062005","volume":"9","author":"V Pretet","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pretet V, Rotania M, Helali M, Ignat M, Vix M, Imperiale A. 18 F-Fluorocholine PET and Multiphase CT Integrated in Dual Modality PET\/4D-CT for Preoperative Evaluation of Primary Hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Med. 2020;9(6):2005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9062005.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"683_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e151","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000002034","volume":"43","author":"L Richard","year":"2018","unstructured":"Richard L, Gauth\u00e9 C, Cochand-Priollet M, Gaujoux BS. False-Positive Results in 18F-Fluorocholine PET\/CT for a Thymoma in Workup of a Hereditary Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Clin Nucl Med. 2018;43(5):e151\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/RLU.0000000000002034.","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"683_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1995.9959","volume":"323","author":"S Ratnam","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ratnam S, Kent C. Early increase in choline kinase activity upon induction of the H-ras oncogene in mouse fibroblast cell lines. Arch BiochemBiophys. 1995;323:313\u201322.","journal-title":"Arch BiochemBiophys"},{"key":"683_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3162","volume":"11","author":"K Glunde","year":"2011","unstructured":"Glunde K, Bhujwalla ZM, Ronen SM. Choline metabolism in malignant transformation. Nat Rev Cancer. 2011;11:835\u201348.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"683_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.14740\/jem300w","volume":"5","author":"B van der Hiel","year":"2015","unstructured":"van der Hiel B, Stokkel MPM, Buikhuisen WA, Janssen H, van Velthuysen MLF, Rhodius RJ, et al. 18F-choline PET\/CT as a new tool for functional imaging of non-proliferating secreting neuroendocrine tumors. J Endocrinol Metab. 2015;5:267\u201371.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"683_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7312894","volume":"2020","author":"M Aashiq","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aashiq M, Malallah AJ, Khan F, Alsada N. Clinical and Biochemical Features in a Case of Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia Type 3 with AP2S1 Gene Mutation in Codon Arg15His. Case Rep Pediatrics. 2020;2020:1\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/7312894.","journal-title":"Case Rep Pediatrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"683_CR37","first-page":"1567","volume":"17","author":"T Yamaguchi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yamaguchi T, Sugimoto T. Impaired bone mineralization in calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) knockout mice: the physiological action of CaSR in bone microenvironments. Clin Calcium. 2007;17(10):1567.","journal-title":"Clin Calcium"},{"issue":"35","key":"683_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pe40","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.135pe40","volume":"1","author":"EM Brown","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brown EM, Lian JB. New insights in bone biology: unmasking skeletal effects of the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor. Sci Signal. 2008;1(35):pe40 Epub 2008 Sep 2.","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"issue":"35","key":"683_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ra1","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.1159945","volume":"1","author":"W Chang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chang W, Tu C, Chen TH, Bikle D, Shoback D. The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a critical modulator of skeletal development. Sci Signal. 2008;1(35):ra1. Epub 2008 Sep 2.","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"key":"683_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026566418011","volume":"1","author":"DA Heath","year":"2000","unstructured":"Heath DA. Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2000;1:291\u20136.","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"issue":"7","key":"683_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-02773","volume":"103","author":"JP Bertocchio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bertocchio JP, Tafflet M, Koumakis E, Maruani G, Vargas-Poussou R, Silve C, Nissen PH, Baron S, Prot-Bertoye C, Courbebaisse M, Souberbielle JC, Rejnmark L, Cormier C, Houillier P. Pro-FHH: A Risk Equation to Facilitate the Diagnosis of Parathyroid-Related Hypercalcemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(7):2534\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2017-02773.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"683_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecr.2020.100065","volume":"17","author":"K Tsai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tsai K, Liang TZ, Grant EG, Swanson MS, Barnett B. Optimal imaging modality for diagnosis of parathyroid adenoma: Case report and review of the literature. J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2020;17:100065. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jecr.2020.100065.","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Endocrinol"},{"key":"683_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2020.00030","volume":"7","author":"S Mobarak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mobarak S, Tarazi M, SpiersH, Santhakumar A, Forgacs B. Case report: Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia and Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis. Front Surg. 2020;7:30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fsurg.2020.00030.","journal-title":"Front Surg"},{"key":"683_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EDM-20-0004","author":"J Tellam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tellam J, Abdulrassol G, Chin LCH. Think twice: a rare calcium sensing receptor mutation and a new diagnosis of familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia. Endocrinol Diab Metab. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EDM-20-0004.","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diab Metab"}],"container-title":["BMC Endocrine Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-021-00683-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12902-021-00683-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-021-00683-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T12:19:30Z","timestamp":1611663570000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12902-021-00683-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["683"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12902-021-00683-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6823"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1472-6823"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 January 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 January 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"A written informed consent to publish was obtained from the patient and is available with the corresponding author.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"20"}}