{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T05:41:42Z","timestamp":1788327702049,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614124800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Endocr Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Studies of drug utilization in patients with diabetes, a chronic disease that can be treated with a wide range of available medicines, have attracted substantial social and clinical interest.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To characterize antidiabetic medicine consumption between 2005 and 2017, to evaluate the trends of these medicines in mainland Portugal, and to compare district consumption. An additional objective was to perform a statistical analysis on drug consumption in different regions of Portugal.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A descriptive, longitudinal observational study; the setting was mainland Portugal ( excluding Azores and Madeira).<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>Each medicine has a respective defined daily dose (DDD). The sum of the DDD, provides the annual consumption in terms of the DDD for each district each year. When calculating the annual average for the resident district population and the number of days in a year, the denominator is expressed as 1000 inhabitants per day (TID).<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>Main outcome measure: The DDD\/TID for mainland Portugal (for all districts) between 2005 and 2017 for antidiabetic medicines.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>Information was obtained from the official database of prescription medicine invoices with reimbursement in mainland Portugal.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In mainland Portugal, the antidiabetic medicine consumption was 49.3 DDD\/TID in 2005 and 88.2 DDD\/TID in 2017. The consumption of insulins and their analogs increased from 10.8% to 17.4% compared to the total consumption of antidiabetic medicines.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>In 2017, the level of biguanide consumption was 23.1 DDD\/TID, that of sulphonylurea consumption was 15.8 DDD\/TID, that of DPP-4 inhibitor consumption was 6.8 DDD\/TID, and that of SGLT2 inhibitor consumption was 3.0 DDD\/TID. The oral consumption of fixed-dose combinations reached 21.4 DDD\/TID.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>After employing a geographical division between north and south and between coastal and inland regions, the consumption of several different drugs showed statistically significant differences.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>When comparing 2017 with 2005, the panorama was quite different, with higher levels of consumption of antidiabetic medicines, insulins and their analogs, noninsulin medicines, long-acting and fast-acting insulins and their analogs, metformin, DPP-4 inhibitors and, mainly, metformin combined with a DPP-4 inhibitor. The SGLT2 inhibitors achieved a representative consumption.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>Different consumption patterns may be related to sociodemographic factors or to clinical practices.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-021-00686-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T17:03:57Z","timestamp":1614186237000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Consumption of antidiabetic medicines in Portugal: results of a temporal data analysis of a thirteen\u2010year study (2005\u20132017)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4493-9357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur Mendes","family":"Moura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0749-9137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia Oliveira","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2589-7208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Filipe","family":"Raposo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"686_CR1","unstructured":"WHO Expert Committee. The Selection of Essential Drugs. Technical Report Series 615. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1977. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/41272\/WHO_TRS_615.pdf."},{"key":"686_CR2","unstructured":"WHO, WHO-IWGDSM, WHO-CCDURCPS. Introduction to Drug Utilization Research. Oslo: World Health Organization; 2003. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/42627\/924156234X.pdf."},{"issue":"1","key":"686_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.5324\/nje.v11i1.531","volume":"11","author":"U Bergman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bergman U. Pharmacoepidemiology - from description to quality assessment: A Swedish perspective. Nor J Epidemiol. 2001;11(1):31\u20136. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5324\/nje.v11i1.531.","journal-title":"Nor J Epidemiol"},{"key":"686_CR4","unstructured":"Luna FA. Farmacoepidemiolog\u00eda. Estudios de Utilizaci\u00f3n de Medicamentos. Parte I: Concepto y metodolog\u00eda. 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The information available in the database only contained aggregate quantification of consumption for each drug (ATC 5th level) per district and year. The concept of consent to participate is not applicable.Infarmed (Portuguese Medicines Authority) provided the database for the study and authorized its use. No additional authorizations to use this data are required under Portuguese law.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"30"}}