{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T10:32:22Z","timestamp":1792405942727,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645401600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011879","name":"Laboratoire d'Excellence en Recherche sur le M\u00e9dicament et l'Innovation Th\u00e9rapeutique","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JY202011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JY202011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011879","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013058","name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Q2019096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q2019096"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013058","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009329","name":"Scientific Research and Technology Development Program of Guangxi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CSZ0N1809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSZ0N1809"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Endocr Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To study the bacteriological characteristics, risk factors, and treatment of multi-drug resistance (MDR) organisms in patients with diabetic foot infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Patients with diabetic foot ulcer admitted to hospital from June 2018 to December 2019 (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009180) were selected as clinical subjects. Demographic information, routine blood test, wound culture and sensitivity were collected. Risk factors of MDR bacteria were analyzed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 180 patients with diabetic foot ulcer, 146 were positive in bacterial culture, with 84 positive in MDR bacteria. A total of 182 strains were isolated, with 104 strains being multi-drug resistant. Body mass index, glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, course of ulcer, size of ulcer, peripheral neuropathy, peripheral vascular disease, osteomyelitis, peripheral blood leukocyte count, percentage of neutrophils, and previous use of antibiotics were the related factors of infection of MDR bacteria in diabetic foot ulcer patients (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The leukocyte count and neutrophil ratio of MDR-bacilli were lower than those of non MDR-bacilli (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The risk of MDR bacteria in diabetic foot infection is high. It is necessary to evaluate the risk of multidrug-resistant bacteria by characterizing the course of disease, metabolic control, local ulcer and other aspects in order to formulate an effective treatment plan. The decrease of leukocyte count and neutrophil ratio may be related to damage of the host immune response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-022-00957-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T13:10:51Z","timestamp":1645449051000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Analysis of risk factors for multidrug-resistant organisms in diabetic foot infection"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Xi","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-fang","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"957_CR1","first-page":"95","volume":"94","author":"M BenMoussa","year":"2016","unstructured":"BenMoussa M, Khalfallah M, BoutibaBenBoubaker I, Nouira R, Slim A, Jerraya H, et al. Bacteriological and therapeutic profile of diabetic foot infection: a prospective study of 100 patients. La Tunisie M\u00e9dicale. 2016;94(2):95\u2013101.","journal-title":"La Tunisie M\u00e9dicale"},{"issue":"9","key":"957_CR2","first-page":"599","volume":"40","author":"ZY Tang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tang ZY. The comprehension to the part of diabetic foot infection in Chinese guideline on prevention and management of diabetic foot (2019 edition). World Clini Drugs. 2019;40(9):599\u2013602.","journal-title":"World Clini Drugs"},{"issue":"11","key":"957_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6880","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01064-16","volume":"60","author":"L Price Bianca","year":"2016","unstructured":"Price Bianca L, Lovering Andrew M, Bowling Frank L, Dobson CB. Development of a Novel Collagen Wound Model To Simulate the Activity and Distribution of Antimicrobials in Soft Tissue during Diabetic Foot Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(11):6880\u20139.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"957_CR4","unstructured":"Wayne Pa: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute: M2-A9[S]. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests 2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"957_CR5","first-page":"22","volume":"21","author":"KelechiE Agbi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Agbi KelechiE, Carvalho Maria, Phan Ha, Tuma Cristiane. Case report: diabetic foot ulcer infection treated with topical compounded medications. Int J Pharm Compd. 2017;21(1):22\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Compd"},{"issue":"3","key":"957_CR6","first-page":"89","volume":"28","author":"B Belefquih","year":"2016","unstructured":"Belefquih B, Frikh M, Benlahlou Y, Maleh A, Jadid L, Bssaibis F, et al. Diabetic foot infection in Morocco: microbiological profile. Wounds A Compendium of Clin Res and Pract. 2016;28(3):89.","journal-title":"Wounds A Compendium of Clin Res and Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"957_CR7","first-page":"741","volume":"14","author":"X Huang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huang X, Deng ZD, Ni YX, Deng M, Hu BJ, Li LY, et al. Chinese experts\u2019 consensus on prevention and control of multi-drug resistance organism healthcare-associated infection. Chin J Infect Control. 2015;14(1):741\u20137.","journal-title":"Chin J Infect Control"},{"issue":"04","key":"957_CR8","first-page":"34","volume":"38","author":"Chinese Diabetes Society","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chinese Diabetes Society. Guidelines for the prevention and control of type 2 diabetes in China (2017 Edition). Chin J Pract Internal Med. 2018;38(04):34\u201386.","journal-title":"Chin J Pract Internal Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"957_CR9","first-page":"251","volume":"97","author":"China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care, Diabetic Foot Association","year":"2017","unstructured":"China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care, Diabetic Foot Association. Chinese guideline on diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot. National Med J of China. 2017;97(4):251\u20138.","journal-title":"National Med J of China"},{"issue":"01","key":"957_CR10","first-page":"3","volume":"36","author":"J Xu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xu J, Wang PH. Standardized diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infection. Chin J Pract Intern Med January. 2016;36(01):3\u20136.","journal-title":"Chin J Pract Intern Med January"},{"key":"957_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicolaas C.Schaper, Jaap J.van Netten, Jan Apelqvist, Sicco A.Bus, Robert J.Hinchliffe, Benjamin A. IWGDF practical guidelines on the prevention and manmagement of diabetic foot disease (2019)[EB\/OL]. [2019\u201306\u201301]. http:\/\/iwgdfguidelines.org\/wpcontent\/uploads\/2019\/05\/IWGDF Guidelines-2019. pdf","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3266"},{"issue":"3","key":"957_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01864","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01864-19","volume":"58","author":"MP Weinstein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weinstein MP, Lewis JS 2nd. The clinical and laboratory standards institute subcommittee on antimicrobial susceptibility testing: background, organization, functions, and processes. J Clin Microbiol. 2020;58(3):e01864-e1919.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"957_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2001.00584.x","volume":"18","author":"G Pellizzer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pellizzer G, Strazzabosco M, Presi S, Furlan F, Lora L, Benedetti P, et al. Deep tissue biopsy vs superficial swab culture monitoring in the microbiological assessment of limb-threatening diabetic foot infection. Diabet Med. 2001;18(10):822\u20137.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"957_CR14","first-page":"288","volume":"3","author":"I Mantey","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mantey I, Hill RL, Foster AV, Wilson S, Wade JJ, Edmonds ME. Infection of foot ulcers with Staphylococcus aureus associated with increased mortality in diabetic patients. Commun Dis Public Health. 2001;3(4):288\u201390.","journal-title":"Commun Dis Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"957_CR15","first-page":"302","volume":"48","author":"V Fejfarov\u00e1","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fejfarov\u00e1 V, Jirkovsk\u00e1 A, Skibov\u00e1 J, Petkov V. Vliv rezistentn\u00edch patogen\u016f a ostatn\u00edch rizikov\u00fdch faktor\u016f na cetnost amputac\u00ed doln\u00edch koncetin u pacient\u016f se syndromem diabetick\u00e9 nohy [Pathogen resistance and other risk factors in the frequency of lower limb amputations in patients with the diabetic foot syndrome]. Vnitr Lek. 2002;48(4):302\u20136.","journal-title":"Vnitr Lek"},{"key":"957_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.02.013","volume":"70","author":"N Saltoglu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saltoglu N, Ergonul O, Tulek N, Yemisen M, Kadanali A, Karagoz G, et al. Influence of multidrug resistant organism on the outcome of diabetic foot infection. Int J Infect Dis. 2018;70:10\u20134.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"957_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734617728642","volume":"16","author":"Y Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen Y, Ding H, Wu H, Chen HL. The relationship between osteomyelitis complication and drug-resistant infection risk in diabetic foot ulcer: a meta-analysis. Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2017;16(3):183\u201390.","journal-title":"Int J Low Extrem Wounds"},{"issue":"3","key":"957_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2015.12.007","volume":"22","author":"DE Katz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Katz DE, Friedman ND, Ostrovski E, Ravid D, Amrami N, Avivi D, et al. Diabetic foot infection in hospitalized adults. J Infect Chemother. 2016;22(3):167\u201373.","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"957_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)60791-9","volume":"73","author":"MA Cassatella","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cassatella MA. Neutrophil-derived proteins: selling cytokines by the pound. Adv Immunol. 1999;73:369\u2013509.","journal-title":"Adv Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"957_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2012.01022.x","volume":"10","author":"M Dubsk\u00fd","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dubsk\u00fd M, Jirkovsk\u00e1 A, Bem R, Fejfarov\u00e1 V, Skibov\u00e1 J, Schaper NC, et al. Risk factors forrecurrence of diabetic foot ulcers:prospective follow-upanalysis in the Eurodiale subgroup. Int Wound J. 2013;10(5):555\u201361.","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"key":"957_CR21","first-page":"7","volume":"46","author":"L Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang L. Correlation analysis of diabetic foot and BMI, HDL-C and TG in the elderly patients. Chin J Prac Med. 2019;46:7.","journal-title":"Chin J Prac Med."},{"issue":"2\u20134","key":"957_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semvascsurg.2019.02.001","volume":"31","author":"DF Bandyk","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bandyk DF. The diabetic foot: Pathophysiology, evaluation, and treatment. Semin Vasc Surg. 2018;31(2\u20134):43\u20138.","journal-title":"Semin Vasc Surg"},{"key":"957_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1159\/000353358","volume":"99","author":"Cristina Tecchio","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tecchio Cristina, Cassatella Marco A. Neutrophil-derived cytokines involved in physiological and pathological angiogenesis. Chem Immunol Allergy. 2014;99:123\u201337.","journal-title":"Chem Immunol Allergy"},{"key":"957_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00508","volume":"5","author":"C Tecchio","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tecchio C, Micheletti A, Cassatella MA. Neutrophil-derived cytokines: Facts beyond expression. Front Immunol. 2014;5:508.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["BMC Endocrine Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-022-00957-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12902-022-00957-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-022-00957-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T16:37:27Z","timestamp":1700239047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12902-022-00957-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["957"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12902-022-00957-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 October 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 February 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 February 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University (Original Area of Wuxi Third People\u2019s Hospital) with written informed consent from all subjects.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"46"}}