{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T13:30:36Z","timestamp":1794490236728,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653523200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Endocr Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this research, data of the DehPCS study were used to assess the validity of self-reported diabetes based on the reference criteria, including the history of taking oral anti-diabetic drugs, insulin injection, or high fasting blood sugar.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A cross-sectional analytical study was performed on 4400 participants of the DehPCS study, aged 35\u201370\u2009years. The reference criteria were oral hypoglycemic drug consumption, insulin injection, and\/ or fasting blood sugar \u2265126 (mg\/dl). The self-reporting diabetes was investigated by well-trained interviewers before the diabetes diagnosis based on the reference criteria. The validity of self-reporting diabetes was assessed using sensitivity, specificity, as well as positive and negative predictive values. Socio-demographic correlates of self-reported agreement were examined by multinomial logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Three thousand nine hundred ninety-six people participated in this study, and the participation rate was equal to 90.8%. The diabetes prevalence among the study population was 13.1% based on self-reports and 9.7% based on the reference criteria. Five hundred twenty-three participants reported diabetes, 213 (41.28%) of whom did not have it. We found a good agreement of 92.3% with an acceptable kappa value of 65.1% between self-reporting diabetes and the reference criteria. Diabetes self-reporting also guaranteed sensitivity of 78.5%, specificity of 93.9%, as well as the positive and negative predictive values of 58.7% and of 98.0%, respectively. Being female, the higher economic class, the higher body mass index (BMI), and the positive family history of diabetes increased the chance of false positive. Being male, older ages and the moderate economic class increased the chance of false positive.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Self-reporting diabetes is identified as a relatively valid tool which could fairly determine the diabetes prevalence in epidemiological studies. It should be noted that its validity is influenced by some socio-demographic characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-022-01056-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T08:02:55Z","timestamp":1653552175000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Socio-demographic correlates of diabetes self-reporting validity: a study on the adult Kurdish population"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Farhad","family":"Moradpour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Negar","family":"Piri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hojat","family":"Dehghanbanadaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghobad","family":"Moradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdiyeh","family":"Fotouk-Kiai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousef","family":"Moradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1056_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20120221","volume":"23","author":"A Goto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Goto A, Morita A, Goto M, Sasaki S, Miyachi M, Aiba N, et al. Validity of diabetes self-reports in the Saku diabetes study. J Epidemiol. 2013;23(4):295\u2013300 JE20120221.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1056_CR2","volume-title":"International diabetes federation. IDF diabetes Atlas","author":"D Atlas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Atlas D. International diabetes federation. IDF diabetes Atlas. 7th ed. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation; 2015.","edition":"7"},{"key":"1056_CR3","volume-title":"Web World Health Organization\u2013Diabetes country profiles","author":"Organization WH","year":"2016","unstructured":"Animaw W, Seyoum Y. Increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus in a developing country and its related factors.\nPloS one. 2017;12(11):e0187670."},{"issue":"1","key":"1056_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12962-020-0204-5","volume":"18","author":"P Shojaei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shojaei P, Ghanbarzadegan A, Najibi M, Bastani P. Ranking of Iranian provinces based on healthcare infrastructures: before and after implementation of health transformation plan. Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2020;18(1):1\u201313.","journal-title":"Cost Eff Resour Alloc"},{"issue":"4","key":"1056_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e006633","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006633","volume":"5","author":"X Yuan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yuan X, Liu T, Wu L, Zou Z-Y, Li C. Validity of self-reported diabetes among middle-aged and older Chinese adults: the China health and retirement longitudinal study. BMJ Open. 2015;5(4):e006633.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"1056_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-81232021264.44582020","volume":"26","author":"PC Pinheiro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pinheiro PC, Barros MBA, Szwarcwald CL, Machado \u00cdE, Malta DC. Differences between self-reported and laboratory measures of diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and hypercholesterolemia. Ci\u00ean Sa\u00fade Colet. 2021;26:1207\u201319.","journal-title":"Ci\u00ean Sa\u00fade Colet"},{"issue":"1","key":"1056_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-7954-7-16","volume":"7","author":"G Danaei","year":"2009","unstructured":"Danaei G, Friedman AB, Oza S, Murray CJ, Ezzati M. Diabetes prevalence and diagnosis in US states: analysis of health surveys. Popul Health Metrics. 2009;7(1):1\u201313.","journal-title":"Popul Health Metrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"1056_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws156","volume":"176","author":"AL Schneider","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schneider AL, Pankow JS, Heiss G, Selvin E. Validity and reliability of self-reported diabetes in the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;176(8):738\u201343.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1056_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15-e","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2010.112698","volume":"66","author":"A Espelt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Espelt A, Goday A, Franch J, Borrell C. Validity of self-reported diabetes in health interview surveys for measuring social inequalities in the prevalence of diabetes. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2012;66(7):e15-e.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"1056_CR10","first-page":"E349","volume":"60","author":"F Najafi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Najafi F, Moradinazar M, Hamzeh B, Rezaeian S. The reliability of self-reporting chronic diseases: how reliable is the result of population-based cohort studies. J Prev Med Hygiene. 2019;60(4):E349.","journal-title":"J Prev Med Hygiene"},{"key":"1056_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malta DC, Duncan BB, Schmidt MI, Machado \u00cdE, Silva AG, Bernal RT, Pereira CA, Damacena GN, Stopa SR,\nRosenfeld LG, Szwarcwald CL. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus as determined by glycated hemoglobin in the Brazilian adult population, National Health Survey. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2019;22.","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-549720190006.supl.2"},{"issue":"7","key":"1056_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e68219","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068219","volume":"8","author":"S Vellakkal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vellakkal S, Subramanian S, Millett C, Basu S, Stuckler D, Ebrahim S. Socioeconomic inequalities in non-communicable diseases prevalence in India: disparities between self-reported diagnoses and standardized measures. PLoS One. 2013;8(7):e68219.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1056_CR13","volume-title":"Validating self-report of diabetes and hypertension use by participants in the pilot phase of azar cohort study: comparison with paraclinic indicators\u060c medical history and medical examination","author":"Z Ghorbani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ghorbani Z. Validating self-report of diabetes and hypertension use by\nparticipants in the pilot phase of Azar cohort study: comparison with paraclinic indicators\u060c medical history and\nmedical examination (Doctoral dissertation, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Nutrition and Food\nSciences)."},{"issue":"4","key":"1056_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx314","volume":"187","author":"H Poustchi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Poustchi H, Eghtesad S, Kamangar F, Etemadi A, Keshtkar AA, Hekmatdoost A, et al. Prospective epidemiological research studies in Iran (the PERSIAN cohort study): rationale, objectives, and design. Am J Epidemiol. 2018;187(4):647\u201355.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1056_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moradpour F, Ghaderi E, Moradi G, Zarei M, Bolbanabad AM, Piroozi B, Shokri A. The Dehgolan Prospective Cohort Study (DehPCS) on non-communicable diseases in a Kurdish community in the west of Iran. Epidemiol Health. 2021;43:e2021075.","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2021075"},{"issue":"3","key":"1056_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2014.11.012","volume":"60","author":"PT Tanjani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tanjani PT, Moradinazar M, Mottlagh ME, Najafi F. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) type II among Iranian elderly population and its association with other age-related diseases, 2012. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2015;60(3):373\u20139.","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1056_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2019.04.010","volume":"8","author":"M Moradinazar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moradinazar M, Pasdar Y, Najafi F, Shakiba E, Hamzeh B, Samadi M, et al. Validity of self-reported diabetes varies with sociodemographic charecteristics: example from Iran. Clin Epidemiol Global Health. 2020;8(1):70\u20135.","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol Global Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"1056_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2004.04.005","volume":"57","author":"Y Okura","year":"2004","unstructured":"Okura Y, Urban LH, Mahoney DW, Jacobsen SJ, Rodeheffer RJ. Agreement between self-report questionnaires and medical record data was substantial for diabetes, hypertension, myocardial infarction and stroke but not for heart failure. J Clin Epidemiol. 2004;57(10):1096\u2013103.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"1056_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1590\/s1518-8787.2017051006378","volume":"51","author":"MM Fontanelli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fontanelli MM, Teixeira JA, Sales CH, Castro MA, Cesar CLG, Alves MCGP, et al. Validation of self-reported diabetes in a representative sample of S\u00e3o Paulo city. Rev Saude Publica. 2017;51:20.","journal-title":"Rev Saude Publica"},{"issue":"2","key":"1056_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3506(00)00323-1","volume":"114","author":"S-C Wu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wu S-C, Li C, Ke D. The agreement between self-reporting and clinical diagnosis for selected medical conditions among the elderly in Taiwan. Public Health. 2000;114(2):137\u201342.","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1056_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-8932(09)70156-3","volume":"62","author":"JM Huerta","year":"2009","unstructured":"Huerta JM, Tormo MJ, Egea-Caparr\u00f3s JM, Ortol\u00e1-Devesa JB, Navarro C. Accuracy of self-reported diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia in the adult Spanish population. DINO study findings. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2009;62(2):143\u201352.","journal-title":"Rev Esp Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1056_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrp.2015.12.002","volume":"7","author":"H Chun","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chun H, Kim I-H, Min K-D. Accuracy of self-reported hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia: analysis of a representative sample of Korean older adults. Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2016;7(2):108\u201315.","journal-title":"Osong Public Health Res Perspect"},{"issue":"10","key":"1056_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26725","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026725","volume":"6","author":"A Golozar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Golozar A, Khademi H, Kamangar F, Poutschi H, Islami F, Abnet CC, et al. Diabetes mellitus and its correlates in an Iranian adult population. PLoS One. 2011;6(10):e26725.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"1056_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1379","volume":"41","author":"D Desai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Desai D, Mehta D, Mathias P, Menon G, Schubart UK. Health care utilization and burden of diabetic ketoacidosis in the US over the past decade: a nationwide analysis. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(8):1631\u20138.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"1056_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdh208","volume":"27","author":"J Keene","year":"2005","unstructured":"Keene J, Li X. Age and gender differences in health service utilization. J Public Health. 2005;27(1):74\u20139.","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"1056_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.14824","volume":"28","author":"SH Chang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chang SH, Chang YY, Wu LY. Gender differences in lifestyle and risk factors of metabolic syndrome: do women have better health habits than men? J Clin Nurs. 2019;28(11\u201312):2225\u201334.","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"1056_CR27","volume-title":"Alzheimer disease","author":"A Kumar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kumar A, Sidhu J, Goyal A, Tsao JW. Alzheimer disease; 2018."},{"issue":"1","key":"1056_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2005.02.008","volume":"70","author":"RP Wilder","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wilder RP, Majumdar SR, Klarenbach SW, Jacobs P. Socio-economic status and undiagnosed diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2005;70(1):26\u201330.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"1056_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0195934","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195934","volume":"13","author":"JYH Tee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tee JYH, Gan WY, Tan K-A, Chin YS. Obesity and unhealthy lifestyle associated with poor executive function among Malaysian adolescents. PLoS One. 2018;13(4):e0195934.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"1056_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05140-5","volume":"63","author":"TM Schnurr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schnurr TM, Jakupovi\u0107 H, Carrasquilla GD, \u00c4ngquist L, Grarup N, S\u00f8rensen TI, et al. Obesity, unfavourable lifestyle and genetic risk of type 2 diabetes: a case-cohort study. Diabetologia. 2020;63(7):1324\u201332.","journal-title":"Diabetologia."},{"issue":"1","key":"1056_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2336-9","volume":"55","author":"F Soriguer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Soriguer F, Goday A, Bosch-Comas A, Bordi\u00fa E, Calle-Pascual A, Carmena R, et al. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose regulation in Spain: the Di@ bet. Es study. Diabetologia. 2012;55(1):88\u201393.","journal-title":"Diabetologia."}],"container-title":["BMC Endocrine Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-022-01056-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12902-022-01056-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-022-01056-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T08:04:08Z","timestamp":1653552248000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12902-022-01056-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1056"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12902-022-01056-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 November 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 May 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 May 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Helsinki declaration and it was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran (no. IR.MUK.REC.1400.150). Signed informed consents for participation were obtained from all the patients.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"139"}}