{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T13:25:51Z","timestamp":1790342751983,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662508800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Endocr Disord"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Previous studies have been reported that vitamin D deficiency increased the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Nonetheless, the exact mechanisms underlying this association is unclear. Besides, inflammation and deregulation of adipokines secretion have been recognized as pivotal factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of these conditions. Therefore, we assessed whether serum vitamin D status is associated with serum levels of adipokines and inflammatory markers in these patients.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This case-control study was carried out among 65 patients with MetS who had vitamin D insufficiency (cases) and 130 MetS patients who had vitamin D sufficiency (controls). Cases and controls were recruited from among those referred to health centers in Zabol County, Iran. Vitamin D insufficiency was regarded as a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration below 30\u2009ng\/ml. Serum concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, visfatin, and resistin and also adiponectin\/leptin ratio along with serum levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1), were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Serum levels of leptin, resistin, and TNF-\u03b1 were significantly higher, whereas, serum adiponectin and adiponectin\/leptin ratio were significantly lower in cases than the controls. There was no significant difference in serum visfatin, IL-6, and IL-10 between the groups. Serum levels of 25(OH)D were inversely correlated with leptin, resistin, and TNF-\u03b1 in both unadjusted models and after adjustment for potential confounders.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our findings indicated that vitamin D insufficiency in MetS patients is associated with increased inflammation and serum adipokine abnormalities which may be associated with developing metabolic complications in these patients.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-022-01141-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T08:03:54Z","timestamp":1662537834000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with inflammation and deregulation of adipokines in patients with metabolic syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Zeinab","family":"Khademi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soudabeh","family":"Hamedi-Shahraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farshad","family":"Amirkhizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"1141_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2017.10.011","volume":"107","author":"EB Schmitt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schmitt EB, Nahas-Neto J, Bueloni-Dias F, Poloni PF, Orsatti CL, Nahas EAP. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 2018;107:97\u2013102.","journal-title":"Maturitas."},{"key":"1141_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1177\/0260106018802968","volume":"24","author":"S Vatandost","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vatandost S, Jahani M, Afshari A, Amiri MR, Heidarimoghadam R, Mohammadi Y. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Health. 2018;24:269\u201378.","journal-title":"Nutr Health"},{"key":"1141_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-019-1118-y","volume":"19","author":"SJ Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee SJ, Lee EY, Lee JH, Kim JE, Kim KJ, Rhee Y, et al. Associations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D with metabolic syndrome and its components in elderly men and women: the Korean urban rural elderly cohort study. BMC Geriatr. 2019;19:102.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"1141_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2016.1021","volume":"8","author":"H Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang H, Chen W, Li D, Yin X, Zhang X, Olsen N, et al. Vitamin D and chronic diseases. Aging Dis. 2017;8:346\u201353.","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"1141_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.001180","volume":"2","author":"PL Huang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Huang PL. A comprehensive definition for metabolic syndrome. Dis Model Mech. 2009;2:231\u20137.","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"},{"key":"1141_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1572","volume":"46","author":"V Ganji","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ganji V, Sukik A, Alaayesh H, Rasoulinejad H, Shraim M. Serum vitamin D concentrations are inversely related to prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Qatari women. Biofactors. 2020;46:180\u20136.","journal-title":"Biofactors."},{"key":"1141_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0675-0","volume":"25","author":"D Furman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Furman D, Campisi J, Verdin E, Carrera-Bastos P, Targ S, Franceschi C, et al. Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span. Nat Med. 2019;25:1822\u201332.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1141_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-01899-5","volume":"59","author":"A Mousa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mousa A, Naderpoor N, Wilson K, Plebanski M, de Courten MPJ, Scragg R, et al. Vitamin D supplementation increases adipokine concentrations in overweight or obese adults. Eur J Nutr. 2020;59:195\u2013204.","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"1141_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-11-68","volume":"11","author":"X Yin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yin X, Sun Q, Zhang X, Lu Y, Sun C, Cui Y, et al. Serum 25(OH)D is inversely associated with metabolic syndrome risk profile among urban middle-aged Chinese population. Nutr J. 2012;11:68.","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"1141_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2012.0121","volume":"11","author":"A Amirbaigloo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Amirbaigloo A, Hosseinpanah F, Sarvghadi F, Tohidi M, Eskandary PS, Azizi F. Absence of association between vitamin D deficiency and incident metabolic syndrome: Tehran lipid and glucose study. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2013;11:236\u201342.","journal-title":"Metab Syndr Relat Disord"},{"key":"1141_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030730","volume":"12","author":"V Ganji","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ganji V, Tangpricha V, Zhang X. Serum vitamin D concentration \u226575 nmol\/L is related to decreased Cardiometabolic and inflammatory biomarkers, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes; and increased cardiorespiratory fitness in US adults. Nutrients. 2020;12:730.","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"1141_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pott-Junior H, Nascimento CMC, Costa-Guarisco LP, Gomes GA de O, Gramani-Say K, Orlandi F de S, et al. Vitamin D deficient older adults are more prone to have metabolic syndrome, but not to a greater number of metabolic syndrome parameters. Nutrients 2020;12:748.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030748"},{"key":"1141_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644","volume":"120","author":"KGMM Alberti","year":"2009","unstructured":"Alberti KGMM, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the international diabetes federation task force on epidemiology and prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; world heart federation: International. Circulation. 2009;120:1640\u20135.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1141_CR14","first-page":"426","volume":"13","author":"F Azizi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Azizi F, Hadaegh F, Khalili D, Esteghamati A, Hosseinpanah F, Delavari A, et al. Appropriate definition of metabolic syndrome among Iranian adults: report of the Iranian National Committee of obesity. Arch Iran Med. 2010;13:426.","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"key":"1141_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2016.131","volume":"4","author":"C Rambhojan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rambhojan C, Larifla L, Clepier J, Bouaziz-Amar E, Velayoudom-Cephise F-L, Blanchet-Deverly A, et al. Vitamin D status, insulin resistance, Leptin-to-Adiponectin ratio in adolescents: results of a 1-year lifestyle intervention. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2016;4:596\u2013602.","journal-title":"Open Access Maced J Med Sci"},{"key":"1141_CR16","first-page":"1073","volume":"18","author":"MHB Moghaddam","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moghaddam MHB, Aghdam FB, Jafarabadi MA, Allahverdipour H, Nikookheslat SD, Safarpour S. The Iranian version of international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) in Iran: content and construct validity, factor structure, internal consistency and stability. World Appl Sci. 2012;18:1073\u201380.","journal-title":"World Appl Sci"},{"key":"1141_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S498","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200009001-00009","volume":"32","author":"BE Ainsworth","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Whitt MC, Irwin ML, Swartz AM, Strath SJ, et al. Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32:S498\u2013504.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"1141_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB","volume":"35","author":"CL Craig","year":"2003","unstructured":"Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m M, Bauman AE, Booth ML, Ainsworth BE, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2003;35:1381\u201395.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sport Exerc"},{"key":"1141_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1268485","volume":"43","author":"S Devaraj","year":"2011","unstructured":"Devaraj S, Jialal G, Cook T, Siegel D, Jialal I. Low vitamin D levels in northern American adults with the metabolic syndrome. Horm Metab Res. 2011;43:72\u20134.","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"1141_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2021.10.003","volume":"46","author":"F Amirkhizi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amirkhizi F, Pishdadian A, Asghari S, Hamedi-Shahraki S. Vitamin D status is favorably associated with the cardiovascular risk factors in adults with obesity. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2021;46:232\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr ESPEN"},{"key":"1141_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2019.1577935","volume":"17","author":"A Aoun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aoun A, Maalouf J, Fahed M, El Jabbour F. When and how to diagnose and treat vitamin D deficiency in adults: a practical and clinical update. J Diet Suppl. 2020;17:336\u201354.","journal-title":"J Diet Suppl"},{"key":"1141_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/17446651.2021.1982381","volume":"16","author":"R Jayawardena","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jayawardena R, Sooriyaarachchi P, Misra A. Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome in south Asians: prevention and management. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab. 2021;16:339\u201349.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1141_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-9-48","volume":"9","author":"E Kassi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kassi E, Pervanidou P, Kaltsas G, Chrousos G. Metabolic syndrome: definitions and controversies. BMC Med. 2011;9:48.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"1141_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-017-0221-3","volume":"17","author":"L Raposo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Raposo L, Martins S, Ferreira D, Guimar\u00e3es JT, Santos AC. Vitamin D, parathyroid hormone and metabolic syndrome - the PORMETS study. BMC Endocr Disord. 2017;17:71.","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"1141_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-016-0432-3","volume":"15","author":"K-C Sung","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sung K-C, Chang Y, Ryu S, Chung H-K. High levels of serum vitamin D are associated with a decreased risk of metabolic diseases in both men and women, but an increased risk for coronary artery calcification in Korean men. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2016;15:112.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"1141_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2014.05.010","volume":"34","author":"C-Y Huang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huang C-Y, Chang H-H, Lu C-W, Tseng F-Y, Lee L-T, Huang K-C. Vitamin D status and risk of metabolic syndrome among non-diabetic young adults. Clin Nutr. 2015;34:484\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1141_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0209","volume":"32","author":"L Lu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lu L, Yu Z, Pan A, Hu FB, Franco OH, Li H, et al. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and metabolic syndrome among middle-aged and elderly Chinese individuals. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1278\u201383.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1141_CR28","first-page":"21","volume":"5","author":"JL Jackson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jackson JL, Judd SE, Panwar B, Howard VJ, Wadley VG, Jenny NS, et al. Associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with markers of inflammation, insulin resistance and obesity in black and white community-dwelling adults. J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2016;5:21\u20135.","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Endocrinol"},{"key":"1141_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-019-1040-y","volume":"19","author":"L-W Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen L-W, Chien C-H, Kuo S-F, Yu C-Y, Lin C-L, Chien R-N. Low vitamin D level was associated with metabolic syndrome and high leptin level in subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a community-based study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2019;19:126.","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1141_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-009-9216-9","volume":"36","author":"H Nimitphong","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nimitphong H, Chanprasertyothin S, Jongjaroenprasert W, Ongphiphadhanakul B. The association between vitamin D status and circulating adiponectin independent of adiposity in subjects with abnormal glucose tolerance. Endocrine. 2009;36:205\u201310.","journal-title":"Endocrine."},{"key":"1141_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2016.60680","volume":"13","author":"MM Ismail","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ismail MM, Abdel Hamid TA, Ibrahim AA, Marzouk H. Serum adipokines and vitamin D levels in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Arch Med Sci. 2017;13:738\u201344.","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"key":"1141_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-12-0344","volume":"216","author":"J Kong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kong J, Chen Y, Zhu G, Zhao Q, Li YC. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 upregulates leptin expression in mouse adipose tissue. J Endocrinol. 2013;216:265\u201371.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1141_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-010-9379-4","volume":"38","author":"N Vilarrasa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vilarrasa N, Vendrell J, Maravall J, El\u00edo I, Solano E, San Jos\u00e9 P, et al. Is plasma 25(OH) D related to adipokines, inflammatory cytokines and insulin resistance in both a healthy and morbidly obese population? Endocrine. 2010;38:235\u201342.","journal-title":"Endocrine."},{"key":"1141_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/ircmj.21458","volume":"16","author":"N Baziar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baziar N, Jafarian K, Shadman Z, Qorbani M, Khoshniat Nikoo M, Abd MM. Effect of therapeutic dose of vitamin d on serum adiponectin and glycemia in vitamin d-insufficient or deficient type 2 diabetic patients. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2014;16:e21458.","journal-title":"Iran Red Crescent Med J"},{"key":"1141_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.7570\/jomes20003","volume":"29","author":"S Faraji","year":"2020","unstructured":"Faraji S, Alizadeh M. Mechanistic effects of vitamin D supplementation on metabolic syndrome components in patients with or without vitamin D deficiency. J Obes Metab Syndr. 2020;29:270\u201380.","journal-title":"J Obes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"1141_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141770","volume":"10","author":"EK Calton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Calton EK, Keane KN, Newsholme P, Soares MJ. The impact of vitamin D levels on inflammatory status: a systematic review of immune cell studies. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0141770.","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["BMC Endocrine Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-022-01141-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12902-022-01141-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-022-01141-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T19:03:55Z","timestamp":1662577435000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12902-022-01141-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1141"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12902-022-01141-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 May 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 September 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 September 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the ethics committee at Zabol University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.ZBMU.REC.1399.156). All participants signed the informed consent prior to study enrollment.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"223"}}