{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T19:21:31Z","timestamp":1791055291943,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668729600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Endocr Disord"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To investigate whether exposure to systemic antibiotics influences the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and overweight\/obesity.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The study sample comprised 2209 (110 with incident diabetes) participants from the population-based Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study (YFS) aged 24\u201339\u2009years in 2001. The exposure was national linked register data on purchased antibiotic courses between 1993 and 2001. Clinical examinations including BMI were conducted in 2001, 2007 and 2011. Participants with prevalent diabetes in 2001 were excluded. Data on type 2 diabetes was also obtained from two national registers until 2017. Data from four population-based National FINRISK studies were used for replication (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200924,674, 1866 with incident diabetes).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Prior antibiotic exposure (&gt;\u20095 versus 0\u20131 antibiotic courses) was associated with subsequent type 2 diabetes in both YFS (OR 2.29; 95%CI 1.33\u20133.96) and FINRISK (HR 1.73; 95%CI 1.51\u20131.99). An increased risk for type 2 diabetes was observed in YFS (OR 1.043; 95%CI 1.013\u20131.074) and FINRISK (HR 1.022; 95%CI 1.016\u20131.029) per course. Exposure to antibiotics increased the risk of overweight\/obesity (BMI &gt;\u200925\u2009kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) after a 10-year follow-up in YFS (OR 1.043; 95%CI 1.019\u20131.068) and in FINRISK (OR 1.023; 95%CI 1.018\u20131.029) at baseline per antibiotic course. Adjustments for confounders from early life in YFS and at baseline in FINRISK, including BMI, socioeconomic status, smoking, insulin, blood pressure, and physical activity, did not appreciably alter the findings.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our results show that exposure to antibiotics was associated with increased risk for future type 2 diabetes and overweight\/obesity and support judicious antibiotic prescribing.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-022-01197-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T12:03:05Z","timestamp":1668772985000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Use of antibiotics and risk of type 2 diabetes, overweight and obesity: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study and the national FINRISK study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Joel","family":"Nuotio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teemu","family":"Niiranen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomi T.","family":"Laitinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Sabin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aki S.","family":"Havulinna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorma S. A.","family":"Viikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tapani","family":"R\u00f6nnemaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Hutri-K\u00e4h\u00f6nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomi P.","family":"Laitinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e4ivi","family":"Tossavainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veikko","family":"Salomaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olli T.","family":"Raitakari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Burgner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Juonala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"1197_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.09.005","volume":"92","author":"YC Chooi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chooi YC, Ding C, Magkos F. The epidemiology of obesity. Metabolism. 2019;92:6\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.09.005.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"5","key":"1197_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1962\/-\/DC1","volume":"41","author":"C Bommer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bommer C, Sagalova V, Heesemann E, et al. Global economic burden of diabetes in adults: projections from 2015 to 2030. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(5):963\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc17-1962\/-\/DC1.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"10113","key":"1197_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32129-3","volume":"390","author":"L Abarca-G\u00f3mez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abarca-G\u00f3mez L, Abdeen ZA, Hamid ZA, et al. Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128\u00b79 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet. 2017;390(10113):2627\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32129-3.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"1197_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1614362","volume":"377","author":"A Afshin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Afshin A, Forouzanfar MH, Reitsma MB, et al. Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(1):13\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1614362.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1197_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/J.DIABRES.2017.03.024","volume":"128","author":"K Ogurtsova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ogurtsova K, da Rocha Fernandes JD, Huang Y, et al. IDF diabetes atlas: global estimates for the prevalence of diabetes for 2015 and 2040. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017;128(6):40\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.DIABRES.2017.03.024.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"1197_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11450","volume":"490","author":"J Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang J, Qin J, Li Y, et al. A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature. 2012;490:55\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature11450.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1197_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05414","volume":"444","author":"PJ Turnbaugh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA, Magrini V, Mardis ER, Gordon JI. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature. 2006;444:1027\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature05414.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1197_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0187-9","volume":"4","author":"SR Abeles","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abeles SR, Jones MB, Santiago-Rodriguez TM, et al. Microbial diversity in individuals and their household contacts following typical antibiotic courses. Microbiome. 2016;4:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-016-0187-9.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"1","key":"1197_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2018.07.001","volume":"13","author":"PJ Davis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Davis PJ, Liu M, Alemi F, et al. Prior antibiotic exposure and risk of type 2 diabetes among veterans. Prim Care Diabetes. 2019;13(1):49\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pcd.2018.07.001.","journal-title":"Prim Care Diabetes"},{"issue":"10","key":"1197_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3633","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2696","volume":"100","author":"KH Mikkelsen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mikkelsen KH, Knop FK, Frost M, Hallas J, Pottegard A. Use of antibiotics and risk of type 2 diabetes: a population-based case-control study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(10):3633\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2015-2696.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"1197_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.03.040","volume":"172","author":"B Boursi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Boursi B, Mamtani R, Haynes K, Yang Y-X. The effect of past antibiotic exposure on diabetes risk. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;172(6):639\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.03.040.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1197_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13163","volume":"20","author":"M Ye","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ye M, Robson PJ, Eurich DT, Vena JE, Xu JY, Johnson JA. Systemic use of antibiotics and risk of diabetes in adults: a nested case-control study of Alberta\u2019s tomorrow project. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20(4):849\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.13163.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"1197_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01408","volume":"9","author":"FS Del Fiol","year":"2018","unstructured":"Del Fiol FS, Balc\u00e3o VM, Barberato-Fillho S, Lopes LC, Bergamaschi CC. Obesity: a new adverse effect of antibiotics? Front Pharmacol. 2018;9(12):1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2018.01408.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"1197_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thuny F, Richet H, Casalta JP, Angelakis E, Habib G, Raoult D. Vancomycin treatment of infective endocarditis is linked with recently acquired obesity. PLoS One. 2010;5(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0009074.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009074"},{"issue":"3","key":"1197_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e554","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-0825","volume":"136","author":"DP Burgner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Burgner DP, Sabin MA, Magnussen CG, et al. Infection-related hospitalization in childhood and adult metabolic outcomes. Pediatrics. 2015;136(3):e554\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2015-0825.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"1197_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym225","volume":"37","author":"OT Raitakari","year":"2008","unstructured":"Raitakari OT, Juonala M, R\u00f6nnemaa T, et al. Cohort profile: the cardiovascular risk in young Finns study. Int J Epidemiol. 2008;37(6):1220\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dym225.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1197_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx239","volume":"47","author":"K Borodulin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Borodulin K, Tolonen H, Jousilahti P, et al. Cohort profile: the national FINRISK study. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(3):696\u2013696I. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyx239.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1197_CR18","unstructured":"The Social Insurance Institution of Finland. Kelasto. http:\/\/www.kela.fi\/web\/en\/statistical-database-kelasto."},{"key":"1197_CR19","unstructured":"World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology Guidelines for ATC classification and DDD assignment, 2019."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1197_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S67","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-S067","volume":"36","author":"AD Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"Association AD. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(Suppl 1):S67\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc13-S067.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"1197_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494812456637","volume":"40","author":"R Sund","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sund R. Quality of the Finnish hospital discharge register: a systematic review. Scand J Public Health. 2012;40(6):505\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1403494812456637.","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"1197_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010100","volume":"5","author":"V Salomaa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Salomaa V, Havulinna A, Saarela O, et al. Thirty-one novel biomarkers as predictors for clinically incident diabetes. PLoS One. 2010;5(4):1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0010100.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"1197_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000181","volume":"46","author":"R Telama","year":"2014","unstructured":"Telama R, Yang X, Leskinen E, et al. Tracking of physical activity from early childhood through youth into adulthood. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46(5):955\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000181.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"3","key":"1197_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2004.12.003","volume":"28","author":"R Telama","year":"2005","unstructured":"Telama R, Yang X, Viikari J, V\u00e4lim\u00e4ki I, Wanne O, Raitakari O. Physical activity from childhood to adulthood: a 21-year tracking study. Am J Prev Med. 2005;28(3):267\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2004.12.003.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"1197_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.02.060","volume":"69","author":"SP Rovio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rovio SP, Pahkala K, Nevalainen J, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors from childhood and midlife cognitive performance: the young Finns study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(18):2279\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.02.060.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1197_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12401","volume":"26","author":"K Borodulin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Borodulin K, Harald K, Jousilahti P, Laatikainen T, M\u00e4nnist\u00f6 S, Vartiainen E. Time trends in physical activity from 1982 to 2012 in Finland. Scand J Med Sci Sport. 2016;26(1):93\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sms.12401.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sport"},{"issue":"1","key":"1197_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.03.006","volume":"151","author":"FI Scott","year":"2016","unstructured":"Scott FI, Horton DB, Mamtani R, et al. Administration of Antibiotics to children before age 2 years increases risk for childhood obesity. Gastroenterology. 2016;151(1):120\u2013129.e5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.03.006.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1197_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2012.132","volume":"37","author":"L Trasande","year":"2013","unstructured":"Trasande L, Blustein J, Liu M, Corwin E, Cox LM, Blaser MJ. Infant antibiotic exposures and early-life body mass. Int J Obes. 2013;37(1):16\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ijo.2012.132.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"issue":"1","key":"1197_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-0769","volume":"38","author":"AV Hartstra","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hartstra AV, Bouter KEC, B\u00e4ckhed F, Nieuwdorp M. Insights into the role of the microbiome in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(1):159\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc14-0769.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1197_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11552","volume":"489","author":"V Tremaroli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tremaroli V, B\u00e4ckhed F. Functional interactions between the gut microbiota and host metabolism. Nature. 2012;489:242\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature11552.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1197_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12198","volume":"498","author":"FH Karlsson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Karlsson FH, Tremaroli V, Nookaew I, et al. Gut metagenome in European women with normal, impaired and diabetic glucose control. Nature. 2013;498:99\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature12198.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"1197_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.167","volume":"18","author":"A Schwiertz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schwiertz A, Taras D, Sch\u00e4fer K, et al. Microbiota and SCFA in lean and overweight healthy subjects. Obesity. 2010;18(1):190\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/oby.2009.167.","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"issue":"7","key":"1197_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-1637","volume":"58","author":"Z Gao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gao Z, Yin J, Zhang J, et al. Butyrate improves insulin sensitivity and increases energy expenditure in mice. Diabetes. 2009;58(7):1509\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db08-1637.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"1197_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jakobsson HE, Jernberg C, Andersson AF, Sj\u00f6lund-Karlsson M, Jansson JK, Engstrand L. Short-term antibiotic treatment has differing long- term impacts on the human throat and gut microbiome. PLoS One. 2010;5(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0009836.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009836"},{"issue":"1","key":"1197_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49452-y","volume":"9","author":"LJ Wilkins","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wilkins LJ, Monga M, Miller AW. Defining Dysbiosis for a cluster of chronic diseases. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-49452-y.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"1197_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(02)00394-1","volume":"21","author":"M \u010ci\u017eman","year":"2003","unstructured":"\u010ci\u017eman M. The use and resistance to antibiotics in the community. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2003;21(4):297\u2013307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0924-8579(02)00394-1.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"10","key":"1197_CR37","first-page":"e567","volume":"21","author":"MH Ebell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ebell MH, Radke T. Antibiotic use for viral acute respiratory tract infections remains common. Am J Manag Care. 2015;21(10):e567\u201375.","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"key":"1197_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy. The state of the world\u2019s antibiotics 2015. (2015) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3126\/jcmc.v6i4.16721.","DOI":"10.3126\/jcmc.v6i4.16721"},{"key":"1197_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Semins MJ, Shore AD, Makary MA, Weiner J, Matlaga BR. The impact of obesity on urinary tract infection risk. Urology. 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.urology.2011.09.040.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2011.09.040"},{"issue":"10","key":"1197_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12055","volume":"14","author":"DT Phung","year":"2013","unstructured":"Phung DT, Wang Z, Rutherford S, Huang C, Chu C. Body mass index and risk of pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2013;14(10):839\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/obr.12055.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"1197_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-022-01541-9","volume":"22","author":"T Salika","year":"2022","unstructured":"Salika T, Turner RM, Fisher D, et al. Implications of analysing time-to-event outcomes as binary in meta-analysis: empirical evidence from the Cochrane database of systematic reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2022;22:73. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-022-01541-9.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1197_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494814541597","volume":"42","author":"J Nuotio","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nuotio J, Oikonen M, Magnussen CG, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in 2011 and secular trends since 2007: the cardiovascular risk in young Finns study. Scand J Public Health. 2014;42(7):563\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1403494814541597.","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"}],"container-title":["BMC Endocrine Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-022-01197-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12902-022-01197-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-022-01197-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T12:09:24Z","timestamp":1668773364000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12902-022-01197-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1197"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12902-022-01197-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 February 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 November 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 November 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study has been approved by the Joint Commission on Ethics of the Turku University and the Turku University Central Hospital and has been conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. An informed written consent was obtained from the parents when participants were still under-aged and after reaching adulthood, from the participants themselves.The FINRISK study has obtained an ethical approval according to the Finnish legislation and common ethical requirements at the time of each survey: confidentiality, anonymity and data protection have been assured. A written informed consent has been obtained from each participant. Surveys have obtained permissions from the ethics committee which has varied over time. For the latest two surveys, in 2007 and 2012, the approval was obtained from the Coordinating Ethics Committee for the Helsinki and Uusimaa Hospital District.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"None. VS has consulted for Novo Nordisk and Sanofi and received honoraria from these companies. He also has ongoing research collaboration with Bayer Ag. (All unrelated to the present study).","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"284"}}