{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:38:47Z","timestamp":1790883527923,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673308800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004484","name":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52615"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004484","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Endocr Disord"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the association of meals-specific food-based dietary inflammatory index (FDII), with cardiovascular (CVD) risk factors and inflammation among Iranian adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 816 participants living in Tehran via two-staged cluster sampling. Three non-consecutive 24-h dietary recalls (two working days and one day off) were obtained from individuals to specify the main meals and meal-specific FDIIs. Anthropometric measures were done. Insulin and high-sensitivity c-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were measured. Multiple linear regressions were used to investigate the association of FDII with Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), hs-CRP, Triglyceride Glucose Index (TyG), and Lipid Accumulation Product Index (LAP).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The range of FDIIs for breakfast, lunch, and dinner were (-2.47,1.98), (-2.66,3.23) and (-4.09,3.13) in order, and the mean age was 42.2\u2009\u00b1\u200910.5\u00a0years. We found that there was no significant association between FDII and hs-CRP level in the three meals (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009-0.003; 95% CI: -0.030, 0.025 for breakfast,\u03b2\u2009=\u2009-0.020; 95% CI: -0.041, 0.001 for lunch, and \u03b2\u2009=\u20090.006; 95% CI: -0.016, 0.028 for dinner) after adjusting for age, sex, education, occupation, maritage, physical activity, smoking, morningness-eveningness score, energy, body mass index, and other FDIIs. Also, we found no significant association between breakfast, lunch, and dinner-specific FDII and HOMA-IR (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009-0.368, -0.223, 0.122), TyG index (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009-0.009, 0.060, -0.057) and LAP (\u03b2\u2009=\u20092.320, -0.278, -0.297).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found no associations between meal-based FDII scores and CVD and inflammation. Further research of prospective nature is needed to confirm these findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-023-01265-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T07:03:30Z","timestamp":1673334210000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The association of meal-specific food-based dietary inflammatory index with cardiovascular risk factors and inflammation in a sample of Iranian adults"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Amin","family":"Mirrafiei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shakila","family":"Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Jayedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azadeh","family":"Lesani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurosh","family":"Djafarian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sakineh","family":"Shab-Bidar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"1265_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201601326R","volume":"31","author":"M Antonelli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Antonelli M, Kushner I. It\u2019s time to redefine inflammation. FASEB J. 2017;31(5):1787\u201391.","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1265_CR2","first-page":"21","volume":"1822","author":"TC Theoharides","year":"2012","unstructured":"Theoharides TC, Alysandratos KD, Angelidou A, Delivanis DA, Sismanopoulos N, Zhang B, et al. Mast cells and inflammation. Biochem Biophys Acta. 2012;1822(1):21\u201333.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Acta"},{"key":"1265_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shivappa N, Godos J, H\u00e9bert JR, Wirth MD, Piuri G, Speciani AF, et al. Dietary Inflammatory Index and Cardiovascular Risk and Mortality-A Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2018;10(2).","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10020200"},{"key":"1265_CR4","unstructured":"Khan T. Cardiovascular diseases World Health Organizatin [Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/cardiovascular-diseases#tab=tab_1."},{"key":"1265_CR5","unstructured":"Lopez-Candales A, Hern\u00e1ndez Burgos PM, Hernandez-Suarez DF, Harris D. Linking Chronic Inflammation with Cardiovascular Disease: From Normal Aging to the Metabolic Syndrome. J Nat Sci. 2017;3(4)."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"1265_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S135","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-18576","volume":"109","author":"H Lebovitz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lebovitz H. Insulin resistance: definition and consequences. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2001;109(Suppl 2):S135\u201348.","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"1265_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-018-0762-4","volume":"17","author":"V Ormazabal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ormazabal V, Nair S, Elfeky O, Aguayo C, Salomon C, Zu\u00f1iga FA. Association between insulin resistance and the development of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018;17(1):1\u201314.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"1265_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"k2396","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k2396","volume":"361","author":"MB Schulze","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schulze MB, Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez MA, Fung TT, Lichtenstein AH, Forouhi NG. Food based dietary patterns and chronic disease prevention. BMJ. 2018;361:k2396.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"1265_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543s","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.26736B","volume":"89","author":"DR Jacobs Jr","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jacobs DR Jr, Gross MD, Tapsell LC. Food synergy: an operational concept for understanding nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(5):1543s-s1548.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"8","key":"1265_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/nure.12035","volume":"71","author":"J Barbaresko","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barbaresko J, Koch M, Schulze MB, N\u00f6thlings U. Dietary pattern analysis and biomarkers of low-grade inflammation: a systematic literature review. Nutr Rev. 2013;71(8):511\u201327.","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"1265_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533610385703","volume":"25","author":"L Galland","year":"2010","unstructured":"Galland L. Diet and inflammation. Nutr Clin Pract. 2010;25(6):634\u201340.","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"1265_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmaa116","volume":"12","author":"P-Y Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu P-Y, Chen K-M, Tsai W-C. The Mediterranean Dietary Pattern and Inflammation in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Adv Nutr. 2021;12(2):363\u201373.","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"issue":"8","key":"1265_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980013002115","volume":"17","author":"N Shivappa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shivappa N, Steck SE, Hurley TG, Hussey JR, H\u00e9bert JR. Designing and developing a literature-derived, population-based dietary inflammatory index. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17(8):1689\u201396.","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"8","key":"1265_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.228718","volume":"146","author":"FK Tabung","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tabung FK, Smith-Warner SA, Chavarro JE, Wu K, Fuchs CS, Hu FB, et al. Development and Validation of an Empirical Dietary Inflammatory Index. J Nutr. 2016;146(8):1560\u201370.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1265_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16762","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73844-0","volume":"10","author":"M Ariya","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ariya M, Shahraki HR, Farjam M, Ehrampoush E, Bahramali E, Homayounfar R, et al. Dietary inflammatory index and metabolic syndrome in Iranian population (Fasa Persian Cohort Study). Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):16762.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1265_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.07.014","volume":"58","author":"CA Carvalho","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carvalho CA, Silva AAM, Assun\u00e7\u00e3o MCF, Fonseca PCA, Barbieri MA, Bettiol H, et al. The dietary inflammatory index and insulin resistance or metabolic syndrome in young adults. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif). 2019;58:187\u201393.","journal-title":"Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif)"},{"key":"1265_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phillips CM, Shivappa N, H\u00e9bert JR, Perry IJ. Dietary Inflammatory Index and Biomarkers of Lipoprotein Metabolism, Inflammation and Glucose Homeostasis in Adults. Nutrients. 2018;10(8).","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10081033"},{"issue":"20","key":"1265_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20303","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000020303","volume":"99","author":"M Ji","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ji M, Hong X, Chen M, Chen T, Wang J, Zhang N. Dietary inflammatory index and cardiovascular risk and mortality: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Medicine. 2020;99(20):e20303.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"1265_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4124","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7064124","volume":"7","author":"A Garcia-Arellano","year":"2015","unstructured":"Garcia-Arellano A, Ramallal R, Ruiz-Canela M, Salas-Salvad\u00f3 J, Corella D, Shivappa N, et al. Dietary Inflammatory Index and Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease in the PREDIMED Study. Nutrients. 2015;7(6):4124\u201338.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1265_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren Z, Zhao A, Wang Y, Meng L, Szeto IM, Li T, et al. Association between Dietary Inflammatory Index, C-Reactive Protein and Metabolic Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients. 2018;10(7).","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10070831"},{"issue":"4","key":"1265_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/11026480410000986","volume":"48","author":"C Fjellstr\u00f6m","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fjellstr\u00f6m C. Mealtime and meal patterns from a cultural perspective. Scand J Nutr. 2004;48(4):161\u20134.","journal-title":"Scand J Nutr"},{"key":"1265_CR22","first-page":"1073","volume":"18","author":"MHB Moghaddam","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moghaddam MHB, Aghdam F, Asghari Jafarabadi M, Allahverdipour H, Nikookheslat S, Safarpour S. The Iranian Version of International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) in Iran: Content and Construct Validity, Factor Structure, Internal Consistency and Stability. World Appl Sci J. 2012;18:1073\u201380.","journal-title":"World Appl Sci J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1265_CR23","first-page":"97","volume":"4","author":"JA Horne","year":"1976","unstructured":"Horne JA, Ostberg O. A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. Int J Chronobiol. 1976;4(2):97\u2013110.","journal-title":"Int J Chronobiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1265_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","volume":"28","author":"DJ Buysse","year":"1989","unstructured":"Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF 3rd, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989;28(2):193\u2013213.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1265_CR25","first-page":"46","volume":"31","author":"GS Castell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Castell GS, Serra-Majem L, Ribas-Barba L. What and how much do we eat? 24-hour dietary recall method. Nutr Hosp. 2015;31(3):46\u20138.","journal-title":"Nutr Hosp"},{"issue":"7","key":"1265_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2005.143","volume":"13","author":"TT Huang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Huang TT, Roberts SB, Howarth NC, McCrory MA. Effect of screening out implausible energy intake reports on relationships between diet and BMI. Obes Res. 2005;13(7):1205\u201317.","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"1265_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.244749","volume":"147","author":"H Kahleova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kahleova H, Lloren JI, Mashchak A, Hill M, Fraser GE. Meal Frequency and Timing Are Associated with Changes in Body Mass Index in Adventist Health Study 2. J Nutr. 2017;147(9):1722\u20138.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1265_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422414000262","volume":"28","author":"RM Leech","year":"2015","unstructured":"Leech RM, Worsley A, Timperio A, McNaughton SA. Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality. Nutr Res Rev. 2015;28(1):1\u201321.","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"1265_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2019.1621044","volume":"24","author":"A Salari-Moghaddam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Salari-Moghaddam A, Keshteli AH, Afshar H, Esmaillzadeh A, Adibi P. Empirically derived food-based dietary inflammatory index is associated with increased risk of psychological disorders in women. Nutr Neurosci. 2021;24(4):260\u20138.","journal-title":"Nutr Neurosci"},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"1265_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/65.4.1220S","volume":"65","author":"WC Willett","year":"1997","unstructured":"Willett WC, Howe GR, Kushi LH. Adjustment for total energy intake in epidemiologic studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65(4 Suppl):1220S-8S (discussion 9S-31S).","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"1265_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endonu.2014.06.009","volume":"61","author":"G Unger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Unger G, Benozzi SF, Perruzza F, Pennacchiotti GL. Triglycerides and glucose index: a useful indicator of insulin resistance. Endocrinologia y Nutricion. 2014;61(10):533\u201340.","journal-title":"Endocrinologia y Nutricion"},{"issue":"9","key":"1265_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2012.83","volume":"66","author":"C Xia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Xia C, Li R, Zhang S, Gong L, Ren W, Wang Z, et al. Lipid accumulation product is a powerful index for recognizing insulin resistance in non-diabetic individuals. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012;66(9):1035\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"1265_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2011.09.012","volume":"70","author":"MA Maturana","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maturana MA, Moreira RM, Spritzer PM. Lipid accumulation product (LAP) is related to androgenicity and cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 2011;70(4):395\u20139.","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"1265_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2017.09.022","volume":"266","author":"A Marcadenti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marcadenti A, Fuchs FD, Moreira LB, Gus M, Fuchs SC. Adiposity phenotypes are associated with type-2 diabetes: LAP index, body adiposity index, and neck circumference. Atherosclerosis. 2017;266:145\u201350.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"6","key":"1265_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.6.1487","volume":"27","author":"TM Wallace","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wallace TM, Levy JC, Matthews DR. Use and abuse of HOMA modeling. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(6):1487\u201395.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"1265_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00280883","volume":"28","author":"DR Matthews","year":"1985","unstructured":"Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985;28(7):412\u20139.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"8","key":"1265_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.117.248377","volume":"147","author":"FK Tabung","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tabung FK, Smith-Warner SA, Chavarro JE, Fung TT, Hu FB, Willett WC, et al. An Empirical Dietary Inflammatory Pattern Score Enhances Prediction of Circulating Inflammatory Biomarkers in Adults. J Nutr. 2017;147(8):1567\u201377.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"1265_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002735","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002735","volume":"5","author":"L Neufcourt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Neufcourt L, Assmann KE, Fezeu LK, Touvier M, Graffouill\u00e8re L, Shivappa N, et al. Prospective Association Between the Dietary Inflammatory Index and Cardiovascular Diseases in the SUppl\u00e9mentation en VItamines et Min\u00e9raux AntioXydants (SU.VI.MAX) Cohort. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5(3):e002735.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"1265_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.07.929","volume":"253","author":"LET Vissers","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vissers LET, Waller MA, van der Schouw YT, Hebert JR, Shivappa N, Schoenaker DAJM, et al. The relationship between the dietary inflammatory index and risk of total cardiovascular disease, ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease: Findings from an Australian population-based prospective cohort study of women. Atherosclerosis. 2016;253:164\u201370.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"1265_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.07.014","volume":"58","author":"CA Carvalho","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carvalho CA, Silva AAM, Assun\u00e7\u00e3o MCF, Fonseca PCA, Barbieri MA, Bettiol H, et al. The dietary inflammatory index and insulin resistance or metabolic syndrome in young adults. Nutrition. 2019;58:187\u201393.","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"issue":"1","key":"1265_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-016-0303-y","volume":"23","author":"K Rehman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rehman K, Akash MSH. Mechanisms of inflammatory responses and development of insulin resistance: how are they interlinked? J Biomed Sci. 2016;23(1):1\u201318.","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"1265_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.29","volume":"10","author":"M Laakso","year":"2014","unstructured":"Laakso M, Kuusisto J. Insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia in cardiovascular disease development. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2014;10(5):293\u2013302.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1265_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0135221","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135221","volume":"10","author":"R Ramallal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ramallal R, Toledo E, Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez MA, Hern\u00e1ndez-Hern\u00e1ndez A, Garc\u00eda-Arellano A, Shivappa N, et al. Dietary Inflammatory Index and Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease in the SUN Cohort. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0135221.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"1265_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10050648","volume":"10","author":"H-Y Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim H-Y, Lee J, Kim JJN. Association between dietary inflammatory index and metabolic syndrome in the general Korean population. Nutrients. 2018;10(5):648.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"11","key":"1265_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-022-01143-0","volume":"76","author":"H Farhadnejad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Farhadnejad H, Teymoori F, Mokhtari E, Mirmiran P, Azizi F. Higher scores of dietary and lifestyle inflammatory indices are associated with increased risk of insulin-related disorders in Iranian adults. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2022;76(11):1566\u201375.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"1265_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.21920","volume":"30","author":"M Ebrahimi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ebrahimi M, Heidari-Bakavoli AR, Shoeibi S, Mirhafez SR, Moohebati M, Esmaily H, et al. Association of serum hs-CRP levels with the presence of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and other cardiovascular risk factors. J Clin Lab Anal. 2016;30(5):672\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"issue":"5","key":"1265_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.5.1596","volume":"51","author":"DJ Freeman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Freeman DJ, Norrie J, Caslake MJ, Gaw A, Ford I, Lowe GD, et al. C-reactive protein is an independent predictor of risk for the development of diabetes in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Diabetes. 2002;51(5):1596\u2013600.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"2","key":"1265_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.11.010","volume":"97","author":"SM Haffner","year":"2006","unstructured":"Haffner SM. The metabolic syndrome: inflammation, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97(2):3\u201311.","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"1265_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.604296","volume":"8","author":"A Kotemori","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kotemori A, Sawada N, Iwasaki M, Yamaji T, Shivappa N, Hebert JR, et al. Dietary inflammatory index is associated with inflammation in Japanese men. Front Nutr. 2021;8:139.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"12","key":"1265_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.114025","volume":"139","author":"PP Cavicchia","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cavicchia PP, Steck SE, Hurley TG, Hussey JR, Ma Y, Ockene IS, et al. A new dietary inflammatory index predicts interval changes in serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. J Nutr. 2009;139(12):2365\u201372.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"1265_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shivappa N, Hebert JR, Marcos A, Diaz LE, Gomez S, Nova E, et al. Association between dietary inflammatory index and inflammatory markers in the HELENA study. Molecular nutrition & food research. 2017;61(6).","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201600707"},{"issue":"1","key":"1265_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.05.014","volume":"80","author":"MR Irwin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Irwin MR, Olmstead R, Carroll JE. Sleep disturbance, sleep duration, and inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies and experimental sleep deprivation. Biol Psychiatry. 2016;80(1):40\u201352.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1265_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451400395X","volume":"113","author":"N Shivappa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shivappa N, H\u00e9bert JR, Rietzschel ER, De Buyzere ML, Langlois M, Debruyne E, et al. Associations between dietary inflammatory index and inflammatory markers in the Asklepios Study. Br J Nutr. 2015;113(4):665\u201371.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1265_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16762","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73844-0","volume":"10","author":"M Ariya","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ariya M, Shahraki HR, Farjam M, Ehrampoush E, Bahramali E, Homayounfar R, et al. Dietary inflammatory index and metabolic syndrome in Iranian population (Fasa Persian Cohort Study). Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):16762.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"1265_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114513003486","volume":"111","author":"YL Zuniga","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zuniga YL, Rebello SA, Oi PL, Zheng H, Lee J, Tai ES, et al. Rice and noodle consumption is associated with insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia in an Asian population. Br J Nutr. 2014;111(6):1118\u201328.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"1265_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.075663","volume":"99","author":"SH Ley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ley SH, Sun Q, Willett WC, Eliassen AH, Wu K, Pan A, et al. Associations between red meat intake and biomarkers of inflammation and glucose metabolism in women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99(2):352\u201360.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1265_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-200202000-00002","volume":"13","author":"FB Hu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hu FB. Dietary pattern analysis: a new direction in nutritional epidemiology. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2002;13(1):3\u20139.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1265_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422414000262","volume":"28","author":"RM Leech","year":"2015","unstructured":"Leech RM, Worsley A, Timperio A, McNaughton SA. Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality. Nutr Res Rev. 2015;28(1):1\u201321.","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"1265_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114516000994","volume":"115","author":"B Gorgulho","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gorgulho B, Pot G, Sarti F, Marchioni D. Indices for the assessment of nutritional quality of meals: a systematic review. Br J Nutr. 2016;115(11):2017\u201324.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"1265_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.14163","volume":"23","author":"H Matsubayashi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Matsubayashi H, Nagai M, Dote K, Turana Y, Siddique S, Chia Y-C, et al. Long sleep duration and cardiovascular disease: Associations with arterial stiffness and blood pressure variability. J Clin Hypertens. 2021;23(3):496\u2013503.","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens"},{"issue":"1","key":"1265_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.05.014","volume":"80","author":"MR Irwin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Irwin MR, Olmstead R, Carroll JE. Sleep Disturbance, Sleep Duration, and Inflammation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies and Experimental Sleep Deprivation. Biol Psychiat. 2016;80(1):40\u201352.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiat"},{"issue":"1","key":"1265_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuac044","volume":"81","author":"GP Teixeira","year":"2022","unstructured":"Teixeira GP, Guimar\u00e3es KC, Soares AGNS, Marqueze EC, Moreno CRC, Mota MC, et al. Role of chronotype in dietary intake, meal timing, and obesity: a systematic review. Nutr Rev. 2022;81(1):75\u201390.","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"}],"container-title":["BMC Endocrine Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-023-01265-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12902-023-01265-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-023-01265-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T10:32:22Z","timestamp":1679308342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12902-023-01265-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1265"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12902-023-01265-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 August 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 January 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 January 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The sample collection was made possible by the coordination of the Health Bureau of the Municipality of Tehran and the cooperation of the health care centers of Tehran. The study was approved by the ethical committee of the Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Ethics No. IR.TUMS.VCR.REC.1400.2.212.52615). All the methods of this study was conducted according to the guidelines laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki and all procedures involving research study participants were approved by the ethics committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Written informed consent was obtained from all the subjects.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"All of the authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"10"}}