{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,14]],"date-time":"2026-11-14T06:46:09Z","timestamp":1794638769962,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]],"date-time":"2023-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]],"date-time":"2023-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Endocr Disord"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common diseases worldwide with significant morbidity and mortality. HbA1c remains one of the most important methods for diagnosis and monitoring of the disease. Since HbA1c is a reflection of the glucose attached to red blood cells, factors affecting hemoglobin and red blood cells\u2019 half-life can influence HbA1c measurements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to evaluate the effect of different types of anemia including iron deficiency anemia, sickle cell anemia, \u03b2 -thalassemia trait, and megaloblastic anemia on HbA1c levels in a tertiary hospital over the past 6 years (2016\u20132022).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a retrospective chart review study of 324 patients including those with one of the four types of anemia mentioned above and a control group. The control group were healthy adults with normal HbA1c and hemoglobin, who were not known to have diabetes or anemia. Patients with diabetes or prediabetes based on self-reporting or elevated fasting, random blood sugar, or 2\u2009hours post-prandial blood glucose were excluded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean HbA1c levels were significantly higher in sickle cell anemia at 5.83% (95% CI\u2009=\u20095.39\u20136.28) and in iron deficiency anemia at 5.75% (95% CI\u2009=\u20095.68\u20135.82) when compared to the control group at 5.32% (95% CI\u2009=\u20095.22\u20135.41). However, the mean HbA1c levels in megaloblastic anemia were 5.38% (95% CI\u2009=\u20095.26\u20135.5) and 5.45% (95% CI\u2009=\u20095.21\u20135.69) in beta thalassemia trait, which were not significantly different when compared to the control group. HbA1c significantly decreased from 5.75 to 5.44% after treatment in the iron-deficient group with a\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -value of &lt;\u20090.001. Moreover, lower hemoglobin and higher red cell distribution width correlated with higher HbA1c levels in patients with sickle cell anemia.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study found a significant increase in HbA1c levels in iron deficiency anemia and sickle cell disease in patients not known to have diabetes. However, there was no significant effect in those patients with \u03b2-thalassemia trait and megaloblastic anemia. Treatment of iron deficiency anemia significantly decreased the HbA1c level, bringing it back to normal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-023-01280-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]],"date-time":"2023-01-28T02:03:40Z","timestamp":1674871420000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["The effect of different types of anemia on HbA1c levels in non-diabetics"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Basil A.","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan K.","family":"Salamatullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faisal S.","family":"Alsharm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamil M.","family":"Baljoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah O.","family":"Abukhodair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Eldigire","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hebah","family":"Malaikah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suhaib","family":"Radi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1280_CR1","first-page":"88","volume":"18","author":"AL Christy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Christy AL, Manjrekar PA, Babu RP, Hegde A, Rukmini MS. 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Since this was a retrospective chart review study, no consent from participants was needed. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC). The requirement of informed consent to participate was waived by Institutional Review Board of King Abdullah International Medical Research Center and deemed unnecessary according to local regulations in our hospital (King Abdulaziz Medical City) since no patient data will be identified in this retrospective analysis.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"24"}}